A Study in Sociology Essay Example for Free

A Study in Sociology Essay Suicide always fascinated academic researches for a long time however it is has been an area of study limited to the field of psychology. Sociology is a relatively new field of social sciences. It started looking into suicide, not just as a personal act, but as a social action which is not entirely divorced from social forces. This paper discusses pertinent studies on the phenomenon of suicide and seeks to present literatures concerning this act. Moreover, differing ideas and interpretations on suicide are presented to carefully elaborate different perspectives on the subject matter. A Study in Sociology Arguably the first person to connect suicide to the study of sociology is sociologist Emile Durkheim. He presented that although suicide is a personal choice of the individual, the act is not separated from the context of a society. He looked into pre-existing records and analyzed suicide trends in different societies. Based on these suicide trends, there are four classifications of suicide: 1) Egoistic; 2) Altruistic; 3) Anomic and; 4) Fatalistic. Social cohesion plays a vital role in Durkheim’s theories on suicide. Egoistic suicide occurs when a person has a relatively low degree of integration into a society. On the other hand, a high degree of integration into a society can also result in suicides that are meant for a higher cause within a society. He also argued that changes in social order and the individual’s perception towards social change would explain anomic suicides. The phenomenon of fatalism takes place in extreme social contexts, where a person would decide on killing himself rather than suffering dire social conditions (Durkheim, 1951). Self and Society From an object of study limited to psychology, suicide became a subject of sociology. Durkheim’s research proved that the traditional perspective that view the subject matter as a psychological behavior and entirely individualistic in nature is a constricted framework when looking into suicide. This implies that social structures, social forces as well as social conflicts and changes are intervening factors in a suicide phenomenon. C. Wright Mills (2000) supported that one cannot separate behaviors and actions of an individual from the larger social context. He wrote that â€Å"the personal troubles of the milieu are connected to the public issues of social structure. † The individual committing suicide must therefore be located in his social as well as historical contexts. Current Trends on Suicide Studies After Mills and Durkheim laid the foundations of suicide as a sociological subject, numerous studies concerning suicide have been conducted in both psychology and sociology. Currently, suicide studies are interconnected with other factors such as gender, poverty, small arms, mental disorders and even medicine. It is now linked to modernity (Baudelot and Establet, 2008), attitudes and experiences of oncology patients (Emanuel, Fairclough, Daniels Clarridge, 1996), a demographic-specific trend such as adolescents (Brent, et. al. , 1988), cultural forces (West, 2005), economic conditions (Ruhm, 2000), as well as access to weapons (Brent, et. al. 1991). Suicide and Modernity Baudelot and Establet (2008) worked with Durkheim’s premises in their study of suicide. They stated that â€Å"The link between suicide, affluence and individualism is more complex—suicide rates do reflect broad social trends but they are also influenced by the structural position and lived experience of small social groups. The notion of social well-being is demonstrated to be a key factor in changes in suicide rates. † While sociology itself cannot accurately predict a suicide case, the collective gathering of these cases provides a fertile ground for sociological interpretations. Modernity is a historical as well as social era where social changes occur and these cases of suicide are descriptive of their milieu. Suicide, seen as such in the context of modernity, is a social fact. It describes the changes that occurred during the time of modernity. Societies that are rigid in its goals during the time of modernity are those that adamantly pursued modernization. It is in this context that suicide rates are known to be higher in the Communist Bloc, China and India (Baudelot and Establet, 2008). Economics and Suicide While both affluent and starving groups of individuals commit suicide, the role of economics cannot be downplayed in the study of suicide. On the macro-economic level, the period of modernity prominently features suicide trends in a time where economies were vibrant and booming. On the other hand, a stagnating economy, such as in a recession, also has an effect on suicide. Ruhm (2000) argues that â€Å"unemployment is negatively correlated to mortality and that unemployment is positively correlated to suicide. † In Japan, suicide is seen in a cultural context. Since individuals in the Japanese society are strongly connected to their social, political and cultural spheres, there is tendency for the push and pull of altruistic-egoistic suicide to occur. This is seen when the rule of law in Japanese society permeates the personal sphere such that debts and divorces are major factors affecting suicide (West, 2005). Suicide and Norms Sociology also attempted to explain suicide in a broader sense—by zooming out of the individual and focusing on social factors that affect the phenomenon. Psychology argues that those committing suicide are psychologically ill or that the individuals committing them are inept in their coping mechanisms. While suicide might seem irrational, there are rational premises that are least likely explored. Societies that are relatively more tolerant of suicide, as well as the individual’s cognitive ability to rationalize the act are also extraordinary factors contributing to suicide trends. Rendering rational suicide normative in a society creates the positive feedback mechanism necessary for a rational suicide to occur. This type of suicide is also surprisingly limited to a specific demographic, namely the educated and successful. Rationality of Suicide One of the fundamental question relating suicide and society lies in the rationality of the act. Is the act ‘rational’ based only on the perceptions and actions of the individual, thereby rendering the act an exclusive study within psychology? Or is this rationality of the act itself being defined not only in terms of the individual’s values but a rationality that is predetermined by the values and norms of a society? Although there are many reasons for suicide, there are factors that least likely determine suicidal trends, but are potent social forces (i. e. education, family, religion) that must be considered. Suicide occurs for a number of reasons such as depression, substance abuse, shame, avoiding pain, financial difficulties or other undesirable fates. † Defying the commonplace definition is the concept of rational suicide. Rational suicide is â€Å"ending ones life out of a conviction that one has lived long enough, that the likely future holds more pain than joy† (Lerner, 2004). Surprisingly, rationality of a suicide act Keown (1995) showed that there is prime value placed on the moral intention behind the act of death itself. This applies not just in euthanasia but also in rational suicide. What are the intentions behind the suicide? Is the decision independent of life’s problems that can be solved? Is it free from outside pressure from a belief system, mores or culture itself? This is the litmus test of the rationality or irrationality of suicides. Sociological and psychological studies attempted to look into the duality of forces working on suicides—individual and social. It is arguably psycho-social factors that are deterministic of the suicide trends across societies. Social institutions, many sociological studies posit, are playing a huge role in the nature and type of suicides in a given society. Stack and Kposowa (2008) concludes that: â€Å"National suicide rates are predictive of individual-level suicide acceptability. However, the main predictors of suicide acceptability included a measure from social learning theory, religiosity, and a neglected measure of control theory, life satisfaction. † While the act of committing suicide is a very individualistic act, there are factors to be considered that are social forces with repercussions and influences on individual action. The act of suicide presents how the personal milieu is linked to the larger issues within the social institutions. References: Baudelot C. and Establet R. (2008) Suicide: The Hidden Side of Modernity. John Wiley Publications. Brent, D. A. , Perper, J. A. , Goldstein, C. E. , Kolko, D. J. , Allan, M. J. , Allman, C. J. , and Zelenak, J. P. (1988) Risk factors for adolescent suicide. A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry. Vol. 45, No. 6, June 1988.

Sustainability Analysis of BP Shipping

Sustainability Analysis of BP Shipping Introduction A shipping company has different impacts on the society and the Earth. In 1986, Gubbins suggested that the service function of a shipping company is the transportation of surplus merchandises to fill the gaps between trading nations. The BP Shipping as a shipping company manages the hydrocarbon transportation activities across the worlds oceans (bp.com, 2016). Due to the growing efficiency coupled with the expanded trade liberalization, this company like other shipping companies has had a strong growth (Ics-shipping.org, 2016). This company provides a huge employment as currently it has around 1,300 seafarers (bp.com, 2015). Further, compared to other companies, the BP Shipping is not only one of the least costly, but also is one the greenest and the least environmentally damaging companies (Leal-Arcas, 2013). Nevertheless, the BP Shipping has several environmental impacts including air pollution, ocean dumping, oil spill, sewage discharge and invasive species. Therefore, since with the current situations the Earth cannot sustain us or its carrying capability for humanity ad infinitum (McDonagh and Prothero, 2014), the sustainability as a megatrend should be addressed in this company (Lubin Esty, 2010). Sustainability Sustainability has three dimensions, known as The Triple Bottom Line (TBL), which are social, economic and environmental (Henriques and Richardson, 2004). The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) through the Bruntland Report defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The TBL and sustainable development can be seen in the following figure.   Ã‚   Sustainable marketing focuses on achieving the triple bottom line to deliver solutions to human needs that are environmentally oriented, moral, viable, and relationship based (Beltz and Peattie, 2012).Therefore, the triple bottom line in the BP Shipping will be analyzed. Environmental aspect This aspect focuses on targets and usage of natural resources and energy, waste management and recycling, greenhouse emissions and biodiversity (Bals and Tate, 2016). Ways to reduce the environmental impacts of the BP Shipping Manage the greenhouse gas emissions through operational energy efficiency; noting that the shipping sector is responsible for 3% of greenhouse gas emissions (Jean-Vasile, 2013). Consider carbon cost in investment appraisals and the engineering design of new projects. Transfer to low Sulphur and cleaner fuel. Exhaust after-treatment technology (use of Selective Catalytic Reduction combined with a PM filter and an oxidation catalyst) (Han, 2010). Reduce ship speed. Use of land-based power when a ship is in a dry-dock. Manage the oil spills via externally approved oil spill response/contingency plans. Train the seafarers on both prevention and response to pollution incidents. Reduce the noise produced by ships as a potential threat to migratory species by improving the design and engine of the ships. Recycle and manage the garbage and wastes; recycle the ship itself. Manage the ballast water which transfers the invasive species. Social aspect Social sustainability means to meet the human needs within the limits set by the conditions for ecological sustainability (Lopez, 2008). To assess this aspect, there are elements including education, health and well-being, equity and access to social resources, social capital, and quality of life which should be considered (Thiel, 2016). Elements of social aspect in the BP Shipping Ships of the company are the sources of employment for over a thousand seafarers from different nationalities. In addition to seafarers, the company creates jobs for people in the ports to give services to its ships and provides opportunities for local suppliers. The seafarers who run the ships will be trained for different aspects of the job. In addition to health insurance and pension plans, the PI clubs protect the seafarers. Ships help the growth of nations economies which lead to social welfare. Since some of the oil and gas suppliers, like some countries in Africa, has the populations with the high level of poverty (Marà ­n, 2015), this company has a key role in reducing poverty. Economic aspect The aim of this aspect is to improve a healthy economy in order to produce the resources to meet peoples demands (Ecifm.rdg.ac.uk, 2016). To evaluate this aspect, elements such as income or expenditures, taxes, structure of the economy, business climate factors, employment, Life expectancy, and business diversity factors should be considered (Ibrc.indiana.edu, 2016). Elements of economic aspect in the BP Shipping The BP Shipping by providing both ship based jobs and shore based jobs has a direct contribution to employment. Since a part of wages paid to employees will be spent on retail and leisure outlets, this company stimulates economic activity in the two areas. This company supports the gross value added contribution to the UKs GDP. It contributes to nations Exchequer through a combination of direct and indirect taxes. The companys expenditures on inputs of services and goods affect the economy of local suppliers. (Oxford economics, 2015) Conclusion To conclude, the BP Shipping which has more than one thousand seafarers from different nationalities is responsible for transportation of oil and gas products between different nations. To assist this company to optimize the function of delivering its offerings and services, sustainability marketing focuses on reaching different aspects of sustainability namely social, economic, and environmental by delivering sustainable solutions while constantly satisfying the stakeholders. Regarding environmental aspect, in addition to technology, alternative energy resources and more sustainable operations and logistics are needed to solve the environmental issues (J. Corbett and Winebrake, 2008).With regards to the social aspect, the company by transporting the hydrocarbon products plays a key role in improving the social welfare and reducing the poverty (Marà ­n, 2015). Considering the economic aspects, the company supports employment, gross value added and tax revenues via direct, indirect a nd induced channels (Oxford economics, 2015). Bibliography Bals, L. and Tate, W. (2016). Implementing triple bottom line sustainability into global supply chains. 1st ed. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf. Belz, F-M. and Peattie, K. (2012) Sustainability marketing, a global perspective. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. bp.com. (2015). BP Shipping celebrates 100 years of maritime success. [online] Available at: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/press/press-releases/bp-shipping-celebrates-100-years-of-maritime-success.html [Accessed 20 Jan. 2017]. bp.com. (2016). About BP Shipping. [online] Available at: http://www.bp.com/en/global/bp-shipping/about-bp-shipping.html [Accessed 20 Jan. 2017]. Ecifm.rdg.ac.uk. (2016). Sustainability Indicators. [online] Available at: http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/inofsd.htm [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Gubbins, E. (1986). The shipping industry. 1st ed. New York u.a.: Gordon and Breach, p.1. Han, C. (2010). Strategies to Reduce Air Pollution in Shipping Industry. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 26(1), pp.7-29. Henriques, A. and Richardson, J. (2004). The triple bottom line, does it all add up?. London: Earthscan. Ibrc.indiana.edu. (2016). The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How Does It Work?. [online] Available at: http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2011/spring/article2.html [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Ics-shipping.org.(a) (2016). ICS | Shipping and World Trade. [online] Available at: http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. J. Corbett, J. and Winebrake, J. (2008). The Impacts of Globalisation on International Maritime Transport Activity. 1st ed. Guadalajara, Mexico: Global Forum on Transport and Environment in a Globalising World, p.21. Jean-Vasile, A. (2013). Sustainable technologies, policies, and constraints in the green economy. 1st ed. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, p.277. Leal-Arcas, R. (2013). Climate Change and International Trade. 1st ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, p.172. Lopez, R. (2008). Progress in sustainable development research. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Lubin, D. A., Esty, D. C. (2010). The sustainability imperative. Harvard Business Review, 88 (5), 42-50. Marà ­n, M. (2015). Impact of logistics and shipping in the sustainable development of societies. journal of marine technology and environment, universitat polità ¨cnica de catalunya, spain. McDonagh, P. and Prothero, A. (2014). Sustainability marketing research: past, present and future. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(11-12), pp.1186-1219. Oxford economics, (2015). The economic impact of the UK Maritime Services Sector: Shipping. pp.2-5. Thiel, M. (2016). The social domain in CSR and sustainability. New York: Routledge.

Effect of Need Based Grand Eligibility on College Attainment

Effect of Need Based Grand Eligibility on College Attainment The education system in the United State is considered as the best in the world , but this status is started to fall. According to the OECD report(2012) it has been seen that the bachelors degree attainment rate rise substantially in other countries over the last couple of decades, but the trends in the US are move slightly. Educational researchers such as Turner(2004),Bound, Lovenheim Turner( 2007) showed that students who admitted in bachelor degree program take more time to complete it. The national educational statistics also indicate a considerable variation in graduation time at the state level. Statistics from the 2009 census indicate that roughly 17 percent of those born in the lowest-ranked state of Southeast of US (age 25 and older) had attained a bachelor’s degree which is below the national rate of 24 percent, and compared to the U.S. average from the late 1970s(Goal 2025,2014). According to Bailey and Dynarski ( 2011) only 18 percent of college entrant complete a bachelor degree within four years and 36 percent within six years. In the past, educators and researchers tried to find out the reasons why so many college entrants fail to complete a degree, or fail to complete on time. Previous researchers such as Clayton(2009) argued that students financial constraints and academic preparation and motivation are correlated with time to complete a degree. Baum, Ma, Payea (2010) showed that only 55 percent students of low income quintile background who graduated high school in 2008enrolled in college compared with 80 percent of students in the highest income quintile. Ellwood Kane(2000) proved that low-income students have a lower probability of enrollment than do more affluent students when controlling for academic achievement. The gaps in college degree attainment by socioeconomic status are even more concerned (Haveman Smeeding, 2006). These concerns may explain the increasing popularity of programs offering large financial incentives for co llege achievement. The United States government currently provides more than $132 billion per year need based financial assistantships to mitigate the effect of rising college costs on the postsecondary decisions of students from low-income families (Baum and Payea 2011).The largest of these grants is the federal Pell Grant, a need-based grant awarded to low- and moderate-income students pursuing a college education at an accredited institution. Researchers always wanted to know whether these grants lead to improvements in students’ college outcomes. A vast majority of research examined the causal effect of need-based grants on college access. However, a very little research has examined the effect of need-based grants on whether students persistent, accumulate more college credits, and ultimately complete a degree. The proposed study will investigate the effects of need-based grant eligibility on college attainment. Specifically, we will focus on the impact of eligibility fo r the need-based Mississippi Tuition Assistant Grant(MTAG) on whether students enter, remain enrolled in, and graduate from college. The Mississippi Postsecondary Education Financial Assistance Board(MPEFAB) determined eligibility for the MTAG using the federal need based financial analysis calculation. According to that calculation freshman and sophomore students will get not more than $ 500 per academic year and in case of junior and senior students, the award shall not exceed $ 1000 per academic year. According to the MPEFAB, students who get less than the full Federal Pell Grant award shall receive an MTAG award in an amount equal to the difference between the maximum Federal Pell Grant award amount and the award amount of the Federal Pell Grant for which the student is eligible based upon the student’s EFC as determined by the FAFSA. A student may receive MTAG in addition to the Mississippi Eminent Scholars Grant (MESG), unless the institution determines that receipt of both awards will cause the student’s financial aid package to exceed the institution’s established cost of attendance for the student. Problem Statement Previous researches related to financial aid highlighted the effect of financial aid on college attendance and college persistence, even though this two likely represent very different sets of decisions for individuals. Researchers always wanted to know whether these grants lead to improvements in students’ college outcomes. A vast majority of research examined the causal effect of need-based grants on college access. For instance, Deming Dynarski (2009 ) showed that for each additional $1,000 need-based grant eligibility can have a strong and positive effect on students enrollment in college, with the estimated probability of enrollment increasing by between 3 to 4 percentage on average. Several researchers such as Bruce and Carruthers(2011),Dynarksi(2008), Scott-Clayton(2011) examined the long-term effect of merit-based scholarships on whether students earn a degree. Recently, Bettinger, et al. (2012) suggested that helping students to apply for federal aid like the Pell Gr ant increase college persistence. However, a very little research has examined the effect of need-based grants on whether students persistent, accumulate more college credits, and ultimately complete a degree. Research Question The proposed study will investigate the effects of need-based grant eligibility on college attainment. Specifically, we will focus on the impact of eligibility for the need-based Tennessee Student Assistance Award Program (TSAA)on whether students enter, remain enrolled in, and graduate from college. As such, we will contribute to the literature by focusing on the longer-term effects of need-based financial aid. The proposed study will also contributes to the scant literature on the effects of financial aid, particularly need-based aid, on college persistence and degree completion. Additionally, the proposed study will examine the effects of increasing the size other need-based financial aid for example, the Pell Grant on college outcome as well as interaction between need based financial aid and merit based financial aid. A regression -discontinuity design will be used based on the information that determined whether students were eligible for more, or less, need-based grant aid to analyze the causal effect of TSAA eligibility on whether students entered, persisted in, and completed college level degree program. Literature Review Previous research shows that financial aid may influence the college-going decisions of low income students. According to Becker(1964), if the perceived present discounted value (PDV) of the benefits of higher education exceeds the PDV of the costs of going to college the students pursue a college education. Thus, government and other aid granting agencies provide financial aid to reduce the PDV of the cost of going to college. Previous research related to financial aid support this theory. Dynarski (2003) and Deming and Dynarski( 2009) showed that reduction in financial aid by $ 1000 led to roughly 4 % reduction in college enrollment. The research literature suggests that financial aid can impact initial college enrollment positively, while economic theory is reluctant about the effect of financial aid on success of college student. Is is well proved that financial aid have an indirect positive effect on academic success for students who have already admitted in college. In recent y ears, authors such as Dynarski (2008) analyzed the effect of government sponsored merit based scholarship programs on students long term success. Dynarski(2008) showed that the introduction of state merit scholarships in Arkansas and Georgia increase degree completion rate in each state. While,Scott-Clayton (2011) found that students who got West Virginia PROMISE scholarship were 6.7 percentage more likely to earn a bachelor’s degree within four years than other students. Similarly, Bruce and Carruthers (2011) exploited a cut-off in the ACT score that determines eligibility for Tennessee’s HOPE merit scholarship to examine the effect of the grant on students’ longer-term college attainment. In contrast to Dynarski (2008) and Scott-Clayton (2011), the authors found little evidence that Tennessee HOPE had a positive impact on whether students earned a degree.

Life in a Small Village in Greece :: essays papers

Life in a Small Village in Greece This paper is based upon the biography of a couple that is living in Playiari, which is a village 25 km from Thessaloniki, Greece. The couple is three years married, after being four years engaged, and now they are living at a house of their own. They do not have any children, so far, but they have a dog whose name is Lambros. Their names are Tasos and Efi. He is the owner of a cafà © and she is working at a branch of an insurance company. I met them almost six years ago when I got hired by Tasos as a waiter in his cafà ©, and I chose them for my paper because first of all I feel really comfortable with them and second because they are young so the research that is going to be done to be more vivid and up to date. What is going to be presented in this paper are the various information that I have obtained from them, for several aspects of their lives. Furthermore, what is to be accomplished is the comparison of their lives with those of their grandparents and alongside with this the comparison and contrast of these information with the ones in the articles that were covered in class. Firstly what is to be conferred are information about Tasos family. Tasos family originated from Kallipoli which was a suburb of Constantinople (Instanbul). They were living there before the destruction of Asia Minor and the exchange of population between Greece and Turkey taking place. When the exchange of the populations took place his grandfather moved straight to Playiari, which basically is a village composed of immigrants who came from there and at that point in time was nothing but a complex of 4-5 houses. Their residents were locals, who had conflicts with the incoming people, because they did not want others to claim land in that territory. Finally most of the immigrants got to claim and own a piece of land. Tasos was born 32 years ago in Edessa, a city close to Thessaloniki. When he was two years old his family moved in a village, which was located in the district(nomos) Pelas and it is called St.George. They remained there for about nine years, until Tasos became 1 1 years old, and after that they moved to Lakoma, a village in Halkidiki. Life in a Small Village in Greece :: essays papers Life in a Small Village in Greece This paper is based upon the biography of a couple that is living in Playiari, which is a village 25 km from Thessaloniki, Greece. The couple is three years married, after being four years engaged, and now they are living at a house of their own. They do not have any children, so far, but they have a dog whose name is Lambros. Their names are Tasos and Efi. He is the owner of a cafà © and she is working at a branch of an insurance company. I met them almost six years ago when I got hired by Tasos as a waiter in his cafà ©, and I chose them for my paper because first of all I feel really comfortable with them and second because they are young so the research that is going to be done to be more vivid and up to date. What is going to be presented in this paper are the various information that I have obtained from them, for several aspects of their lives. Furthermore, what is to be accomplished is the comparison of their lives with those of their grandparents and alongside with this the comparison and contrast of these information with the ones in the articles that were covered in class. Firstly what is to be conferred are information about Tasos family. Tasos family originated from Kallipoli which was a suburb of Constantinople (Instanbul). They were living there before the destruction of Asia Minor and the exchange of population between Greece and Turkey taking place. When the exchange of the populations took place his grandfather moved straight to Playiari, which basically is a village composed of immigrants who came from there and at that point in time was nothing but a complex of 4-5 houses. Their residents were locals, who had conflicts with the incoming people, because they did not want others to claim land in that territory. Finally most of the immigrants got to claim and own a piece of land. Tasos was born 32 years ago in Edessa, a city close to Thessaloniki. When he was two years old his family moved in a village, which was located in the district(nomos) Pelas and it is called St.George. They remained there for about nine years, until Tasos became 1 1 years old, and after that they moved to Lakoma, a village in Halkidiki.

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylors Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Essay

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylor's Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Like other Puritanical writers of his generation, Edward Taylor looked to nature and utilized it as an example of a belief system that he had already deemed factual. The use Ramist logic here may seem irrational to many. The very essence of logic commands that we must first look toward nature and then draw conclusions from it. In his work, "Upon a Spider Catching a Fly", Taylor applies his doctrine in advance by using the interaction between an arachnid and a certain contrasting insect as an example of the Calvinist theory of predestination; the belief that one's fate cannot be influenced by one's works or earthly deeds. It is also part of his belief system, however, that a person's prosperity on the earthly plain could be a testament that that individual is already a member of 'the elect'. Taylor interprets a natural situation with a personal hermeneutics with which he selectively reads situations that serve to enforce his beliefs. Upon introducing the central character of the spider in the first stanza, Taylor immediately questions the driving force that causes the spider to behave in the way it does. "To spin a web out of thyself /To catch a Fly?/ For Why?" Such a beginning immediately petitions the reader to question the nature of things. In the first line, Taylor refers to the spider as the "venomous elf" in order to plant the idea that the spider is an evil entity. The spider then becomes representative of the Christian devil, Satan, who instinctively casts his web amidst any of the unfortunate beings who would enter into his sphere. This devil image is further enforced in the seventh stanza when he refers to the predator as "Hell's spider". The spider ca... ...bility to do so, while the fly has been created defenseless; with no option but to fall victim to the spider. These two insects serve as a metaphor for the two differing castes of humans within the Calvinist school of thought. The wasp is representative of 'the elect'; those who are predestined to enter into the kingdom of heaven while the fly is representative of those who are doomed for damnation from the point of their incarnation. Within the life of the wasp, it is evident that it surpasses the fly, just as the Calvinists believed that 'the elect' were more successful in life than other humans. This idea of predestination did not come from the observation of the trials and tribulations between two insects and an arachnid. It was just the opposite. The situation was sited only after it fulfilled the requirements to serving as an example of Taylor's belief system.

Gap Marketing Strategy Essay

The Gap is a clothing company that specializes in contemporary, urban clothing with a mid-range pricing scheme. They have stores located all over the globe in countries such as the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. Gap was founded in 1969 by a real estate developer who was in search of a well-organized and well-stocked jeans store. The store was named after â€Å"the generation gap† and originally sold Levis jeans. In 1974, they developed their own private clothing label and by 1991 began selling only their private label brand. Gap introduced its website in 1997. The following year, in 1998, Gap’s stock increased 138.4%. In 2000, though, their stock fell 44 %. (http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/funds/gutcheck/1335261.html) Clothing is a basic and necessary need, but the companies in Gap’s market segment produce items that satisfy more than this basic need. Their customers are looking for style and quality at a reasonable price. In this specific market segment, major brand forces dominate the retail clothing industry: brand recognition is incredibly important. Some major players in this industry who are specific competitors of the Gap are J Crew, Abercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle Outfitters, Structure, and The Limited. These companies target the same markets as the Gap and produce similar styles. The strengths and weaknesses of each player in this industry are largely indistinguishable. J Crew stands out with a strong catalog channel. However, their bricks and mortar presence is weak, which is a problem when bricks and mortar retail reels in nine out of ten dollars spent by the average consumer as noted at www.retailindustry.com. But within their â€Å"young urban† microcosm, the Gap stands out with an innovative and changing product line: Abercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle, Structure, and the Limited have very specific styles that remain constant year after year. The competitive forces, as explained in Porter’s framework, apply to the retail industry in all the five areas of rivalry, supplier power, substitutes, buyer power, and entry barriers. In regards to rivalry, there exist no exit barriers, causing more compeitition. Product differences are few which leads to low switching costs for consumers who can easily shop around. With these low switching costs, substitutes play powerful roles. If consumers can find similar products elsewhere from other competitors, price  becomes a strong determinant in the final purchase. Supplier power is high. For example, suppliers can exert strong influences on the producing industry by selling raw materials for clothing manufacturing at a high price. While suppliers yield substantial power, the buyer’s role is weak because of fragmentation. Finally, barriers to entry include: economies of scale, high capital requirements for stores, raw materials, and production requirements, and strong brand equity due to consumer brand consciousness and loyalty. Value is created and delivered in the fashion industry through an intricate structure of channel distribution. A visual description of a typical fashion company’s value web is attached as Exhibit 1. Although the value web as an entity is influential to customers, several facets tend to have the most impact. Designers are obviously one of the core aspects that affect a customer, as people want clothing that appeals to their particular tastes. This leads to the display and availability of clothing in the actual fashion stores such as Gap. Displays need to incorporate attraction to the products as well as show off the trends of the moment. Also, manufacturers greatly influence the final quality and price of a product, which are often a core concerns for consumers. In today’s economy, efficient and quality manufacturing are essential to the success of a fashion retailer. Another key node on the value web is the logistics supplier. In the Internet e-tailer environment, having a strong relationship with efficient and trustworthy suppliers is extremely important for success. Fashion retailers should strengthen these key players in the value web in addition to using their core value concepts in order to utilize the Internet to its full potential. For Gap, there are two value concepts that are especially vulnerable in an Internet economy. First, the fashion industry has low switching costs and decreased loyalty online. Whereas many Gap customers were loyal simply because they had few other choices, now those same customers have more opportunities to â€Å"shop around†. Gap stores are located all around the country in almost any mall. A typical consumer may only have access to the stores that are located nearby. Now the Internet has made every e-tailor available to anyone, anywhere, from low-end to high-end. Second, the Internet has changed service, credence and experience. One of the advantages of going to a Gap store is the level of service that you receive and the experience that you get. This level of service can never be replicated online. In addition, another problem with online fashion retailers is that the customer cannot try on the articles of clothing. While this may be a problem with new customers, it is not an issue with previously established customers. Otherwise, the Gap’s value concepts can only be enhanced online. Clothes can easily be delivered directly to the consumer from Internet sales. Also, transaction costs can be reduced: for every sale online, Gap does not have to maintain bricks-and-mortar stores, hire personnel, or bear shipping costs. While these costs may be minimal right now, as online sales grow, this may have a serious impact on Gap’s bottom line. An additional benefit of Gap’s online store is ease of searching for particular products. The apparel industry is constantly changing. Therefore, marketing strategies and diverse customer segments are also transforming. Key industry trends for the year 2001 include: moves to multi-channel retailing, importance of profitability on the Internet, and a continued interest in using technology to improve bottom line, as explained at www.retailindustry.about.com. Customers have particular needs and wants that are shaping the demand for higher quality at lower prices. And with the new Internet environment, consumers want easy access to price comparisons and demand the latest trends. Since the online world is fast-paced, consumers believe that trends should turn over quickly. Now that more people are shopping online, they demand and expect convenience as well as quick and timely delivery of apparel goods. Consumers are looking to the Internet for information on apparel more than they previously did. They search for price comparisons and shop around the web to look for sales. Many consumers search for clothes online and then go to try on the clothing offline. In some other cases, if consumers cannot find the desired article of clothing, they venture onto the Web. Finally, in the new Internet apparel environment, awareness of brands is enhanced for established companies. On the contrary, newer apparel  companies may struggle gaining awareness in a medium that constantly floods consumers with new products. The absence of brand equity creates difficulties for new companies in this industry. Few brands carry the clout Gap does to the online world. As evidenced at www.business.com, Gap, with only two other retailers, was considering one of the top 20 online Internet merchants. Intermediaries (i.e. manufacturers and retailers) in the apparel industry are transforming to become more customer conscious. By incorporating technology, companies are able to make the brand more accessible to the customer while creating a stronger image of the brand. This technology enables domestic and foreign manufacturers and inspectors to communicate more effectively, efficiently, and frequently. Previously, the telephone and fax machine were the primary means of communication among intermediaries, but now information can be exchanged in a cost-efficient and instantaneous manner through the Internet. As noted in the March 30, 2001 Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation review, the overall apparel industry trend appears that many teen and young adult retailers â€Å"are heading towards the Gap’s core territory . . . the casual preppy theme.† For example many retailers have offered up colorful polo shirts since February, which stands to hurt Gap sales because they have only just begun offering the same polos. What has recently been happening is that Gap has come into fashion trends late and finds itself at the tail end of a hit. For years Gap has been the store to go to keep up to date on trends, but recent events point to its slipping from being the number one trend leader. Competitors such as Abercrombie and Fitch and American Eagle Outfitters have been able to tap into the fashion trends early and reaped a large share of the sales. A March 19, 2001 Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation analysis explains this phenomenon further: â€Å"market intelligence is better than ever . . . Retailers attend fashion shows . . . interpreting what they see for their customers.† Therefore, the newest strategy in the competition game is for a company to find the hottest trend the earliest and quickest, and market the trend heavily before any other store or brand can do the same. New and existing companies in the apparel industry are forced to adapt their marketing mix in response to the new Internet environment. Products must be developed faster in order to cater to the fast-paced demands of today’s Internet consumer. Many big players in the fashion industry are recognizing the need to turn over the trends faster in today’s technology-driven economy. This is because consumers demand new fashion trends faster than they did in the offline world. Also, the Internet allows consumers to price shop more than they would in the offline world. Therefore, fashion companies must realize that price competition is more prevalent online. Furthermore, channels must be structured online differently than they would be in the offline environment. In the new technological world, shipping and manufacturing have become bigger players in the value web than previously. Retailers must develop strong relationships with key shipping suppliers and increase efficiency in manufacturing facilities. Finally, fashion e-tailers must utilize the new Internet environment to improve customer service and transactions. It is the perfect medium to have efficient yet personalized customer service in addition to lower transactions costs. The new Internet setting causes companies in the fashion industry to rethink partnering and strategic alliances. In today’s e-economy, companies can gain traffic and recognition through a few key alliances. Many companies, especially new players, can leverage partnerships to gain brand recognition and necessary traffic to their new site. Utilizing the key relationships with channel members and partnerships will help established fashion companies adapt to the new Internet economy. But, a benefit to the companies is the fact that basic core competencies still remain competitive advantages even in the new environment. Gap’s core competencies center around their brand equity and highly developed processes. Its name alone can successfully launch new, trendy products. However, Gap also carries a standard, classic line of clothes that customers have come to expect during any season and within any Gap store. This is how Gap segments its customers: those who want a consistent look year-to-year, and those customers who want the latest trends. Gap’s brand recognition  value is high with over 2,079 stores nationwide, and additional 530 stores globally. It is a standard brand name for the midrange fashion conscious consumer. Because Gap is a well-established bricks and mortars company, their processes are efficient and dynamic. For example, Gap stores are on detailed schedules for store displays, inventories, and new product launches. Every store receives an identical binder that explicitly details the display and product placements. Front window displays are changed weekly. They restock shelves with new products every six weeks, keeping the retail ahead of imitators in the fast-paced fashion industry. All the core competencies are positive for the company, but there are threats that can hurt the company. For instance, negative word of mouth can cause severe consequences to Gap’s brand name. Since Gap outsources most of their manufacturing, they’re open up to attack because of their manufacturers’ actions. For example, a situation occurred to Nike concerning their use of sweatshops that caused a great deal of damage to the Nike name. Gap has taken steps to counteract the causes of bad publicity by requiring manufacturers to sign codes of conduct and strictly enforcing those rules. Their processes for inventory, however, are not as vulnerable to depreciation. Gap has invested a lot of thought and research in their resources and there is not too much that can be substantially threatened. Gap’s inventory processes, in fact, are much stronger compared to others in the industry. Not only do they maintain a consistent style year to year, they also have new lines that come out very often. Those who wish to enter the retail clothing industry will find moderately high barriers to entry. It is extremely difficult to set up brand equity and image. Launching your own store and clothing line, like Gap, takes incredible capital and time investment. In the online world, it is much easier for new or small retailers to showcase their products; however, it is difficult to get online attention and recognition. The nature of online retailing sets up a playing field where smaller, lesser known retailers may  have set up functioning websites and folded without the public ever knowing. Even big name online retailers, like Pets.com, did not survive despite their brand recognition. As we have mentioned earlier, Gap’s inventory processes are very defined and strong. These processes also give them an edge on competitors trying to copy Gap’s styles or trends. Gap changes out their inventory every six weeks. Even if competitors are able to catch on to Gap’s short turnaround, there is no way to avoid being behind the times. Gap, through their extensive market research and market persuasiveness, is so in tuned to their customer segments that they effectively set the trend. Gap has invested a lot of money to become one of the biggest trend-setting brands. Although the Gap has a successful position on the Web, there are definite strategies that can be implemented to improve their online business. Our proposed marketing eBusiness plan involves Customer Relationship Management, growth strategies, incentive offers online, improved web design, and increased market research. At this point in time, Gap is a product-focused company. Gap needs to capitalize on the available technology of the Internet and transform its marketing efforts to focus on the consumer. Therefore, the company should shift from a Product Management system to a Customer Relationship Management system. Customer Relationship Management allows a company to cater to the unique and evolving needs of the specific customer segments. Currently, the Gap does not have extensive customization available on its website. Gap needs to create more ways of catering to each individual consumer. A pyramid approach would be optimal for the Gap. Much like the Dell triangle, the Gap would segment consumers and provide the most customization for the top small percent of the pyramid. These are the repeat customers that have highest volume of purchases, which would be the best group to provide customization. We suggest that the Gap use the technology of the Internet to store information on each consumer and generate a unique site for the consumer every time that they log on. The site will greet the consumer by name upon log in and target the consumer for their preferences. For example, the Gap would keep a database of my buying patterns, such as the fact that I always look for sale items, and also note the size that I  normally buy. The Gap would be able to establish more relationships with consumers increase their loyal consumer base by providing customization that makes the site unique to the individuals. As retailers know, growth does not come from loyal customers. The Gap needs to focus some of their marketing efforts on acquiring new customers. They could do so by developing alliances with portal-type sites such as eGreetings.com. There, consumers can be asked to buy a gift certificate to Gap.com (not redeemable in offline stores) to be sent along with the greeting card. Online alliances are preferable to online banner ads and random advertising because a relationship with established online services and etailers is the best way to get a Gap ad seen. The click-through rates for banner ads are not convincing enough for us to suggest that the Gap increase online banner advertising. In addition to advertising online with trading partners, the Gap should advertise offline for the online store. Every media produced offline, including displays in the offline store, should have the web site listed, thus pointing consumers to the online store. The Gap may also consider putting a terminal in the offline stores that has a small computer with Gap.com constantly running. Sales associates can point consumers in the offline store to the terminal if they need a different size, or if they want to ship an item to a friend. Offering incentives online can also increase the customer base, persuading loyal and new consumers to utilize the Internet site. For example, every fifth purchase online could merit a certain percentage off the final purchase price or even free shipping. Also, the Gap should consider offering some products and product lines online only (for example, Gap currently offers their maternity line only online). This can entice consumers into shopping online in addition to their offline stores. Overall, anything that causes consumers to venture into the online world to check out the new items on Gap.com would be good for the growth of the online customer base. Another marketing tactic is to alter the design of the website to meet the needs of the constantly evolving Gap consumer. Currently, Gap.com allows consumers to see the various styles of clothing with color choices shown to  the side, but consumers cannot change the color of the item in the picture (for example, consumers could click on different colors and patterns for the same shirt and the shirt changes accordingly). See exhibit 2. Most buyers want to see what a certain article of clothing would look like in different colors, which is an option that Gap.com’s competitor, JCrew.com, offers. Gap.com could also allow consumers to put clothes together on a model and view 360 degrees of the outfit, thus persuading people to make virtual outfits. Other design changes to Gap.com could be an addition of a search engine. This gives consumers a quick way to find specific articles of clothing. Another added design feature for the quick shopper could be a page with price listings by clothing category, or the ability to see the price on the first page instead of making consumers go through multiple pages to find the price. A final marketing strategy in our proposed plan is for Gap.com to increase market research to understand consumer-buying habits. Are they price conscious? What do they value in design of the website? The Gap would benefit immensely if they were able to understand their consumers’ behavior in depth. Therefore, information could enhance the quality of customization, which will benefit the company. If the Gap makes longer strides to understand their customer base, they can capitalize on areas where they are strong and change areas of weakness. Our proposed marketing plan encompasses many benefits with a few costs. The plan satisfies consumers because increased customization will mean more attention to specific customer needs. The proposed Customer Relationship Management tactic will create more of a one-to-one marketing structure that will in turn benefit the consumer. One cost to this change in management style is the capital needed to set up customization online and also the changes that must be made in the structure of management within the company. Employees will have to get used to a restructuring, which can cause a short period of dissatisfaction or frustration. But, the company as a whole will benefit from the restructuring because it will increase retention rates. The online incentives and improved web page design will benefit the consumers directly by giving them good deals and creating an easy-to-use web site. The  online incentives will benefit the company by increasing the loyal customer base and the improved web design may increase sales and retention. The trading partners with Gap will benefit by increasing traffic to their sites, and association with the Gap brand is positive for alliances. One of the most apparent and serious threats to Gap.com is the threat of cannibalization. If Gap.com becomes the standard, then their offline stores will be severely hurt. This is why Gap is facing a great deal of resistance within the organization. Store managers whose salaries and promotions depend on store sales will not want to promote or support Gap.com because that will steal from their revenues. Another issue is the technological needs to satisfy the in-depth customization and database requirements that are essential to our e-business plan. In order to take on this new strategy, Gap will have to make a large initial investment to improve their technological capabilities to accommodate the customization. Internet speed must also be taken into consideration. Only eight million out of 100 million Internet households have broadband. This can lead to customer frustrations, as the sites become more picture intensive. This, however, is actually a benefit for Gap.com as their primary customer base is concentrated in these households that do have broadband service

Term: Poverty Reduction Programs

The harmonise of households sustenance below the official exiguity bound has declined slowly and un stillly in the past four decades, and penury decrease has en a good deal slower than in neighboring countries such as the Peoples state of China, Ind mavensia, Thai globe, and Viet Name. Economic process has g bingle by boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of entertain scotch expansion exhaust had check pixyact on the deplorable. Great disparity crossways income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged common wealthiness harvest, atomic number 18 run acrossed some of the lynchpin factors restrain pauperisation cut down efforts. contract and inconsistency in the Philippines take a breathers a gainsay. In the past four decades, the proportion of households living below the official pauperization line has declined slowly and un razely ND penury decrease has been much(prenominal) slower than in neighboring countries such as the Peoples nat ion of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Name. Economic developing has gone with boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of hold back economic expansion have had hold in impact on the vile.Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged human race growth, be considered some of the key factors constraining p all overty decrease efforts. II. Definition of call pauperisation- is scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who deprivations a certain amount of material possessions or funds. Unemployment- occurs when heap are without flirt and actively seeking work. GAP- Gross domestic harvest- judgment of conviction (GAP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced inside a country in a year, or otherwisewise given stop consonant of time.GAP per capita is often considered an indicator of a countrys well-worn of living rottenness- in philosophical, theological,or moral discussions, depravatio n is spiritual or moral imp rutty or deviation from an ideal. Corruption may include to a greater extent activities including bribery and embezzlement. Government, or political, invalidateion occurs hen an office-holder or other governing bodyal employee acts in an official dexterity for personal gain Tax- is a pecuniary charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an undivided or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent weight of a state such that trial to pay is punishable by law.Taxes are in addition imposed by numerous administrative divisions. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be salaried in money or as its labor equivalent. race growth- is the change in a universe of discourse over time, and mass be quantified as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a state using per unit time for measurement Ill.Outline Poverty in the Philippines Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities comprehensively analyze the causes of paup erisation and recomm break offs ways to belt along poverty reduction and achieve more than than than inclusive growth. The report provides an overview of current authorities responses, st prizegies, and achievements in the make do against poverty and identifies and prioritize future needs and interventions. The analysis is ground on current literature and the modish available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey.The main causes of poverty in the country include the spare-time activity low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years owe growth elasticity of poverty reduction weakness in employment coevals and the quality of Jobs generated failure to fully break up the agriculture sector tall lump during crisis periods spirited gear levels of population growth high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the unconditional impacts of economic expansion and Recurrent shocks and delineation to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, infixed disasters, and environmental poverty. Key factors that worsen poverty in our country Economic growth did non understand into poverty reduction in recent years Poverty levels vary greatly by regionsPoverty bear ons a mainly verdant phenomenon though urban poverty is on the rise Poverty levels are strongly linked to educational attainment The worthless have large families, with six or more members galore(postnominal) Filipino households remain susceptible to shocks and risks Governance and institutional constraints remain in the poverty response at that place is weak local government capacity for implementing poverty reduction programs Deficient targeting in various poverty programs There are serious imagination gaps for poverty reduction and the attainment of the Megs by 201 5 2-dimensional responses to poverty reduction are indispensable andFurther research on chronic poverty is needed. Other cause The incomplete land reform aiming at overthrowing the traditionally unequalized agrarian society coupled with lack of support for farmers has been a long-lasting blemish in the governments development policies that sack up placid massively reduce poverty in the Philippines. Thus, the role of the state remain exchange to redistri only ife more equally the wealth created in the country, in clubhouse to cancel leaving the poor behind.Supporting the utmost(prenominal)ly poor mustiness be seen as a long-term enthronisation and counterbalanced with future gains. However, mistrust in the government feature tit corruption and/or incompetence makes the overall task much harder, even though it has led to the rise of war wish well movements that speak in favor of farmers to name fairer trade systems. In a distant way, another problem for the Philippines is that, in suffer of having embraced liberalizing and international organizations rules, they have now cease up less integrated in the world de cognisery than ot her Asiatic countries.For instance, deduction responsibility on sieve makes it one of the rare exceptions in WTFO, although intelligible when you see how important sieve is to the musical accompaniment f millions of Filipinos. However, recent research on food price augment has shown that tariffs do not help protect farmers and sooner increases poverty in both artless and urban areas. Thats because, even if imported rice can compete with domestic rice, the arguing results in an overall reduction in consumer prices that is good for everyone.Moreover, with the right support, it helps identify which farmers need help and training so that they can either better manage their rice production or diversify their crops. personal do of poverty in the Philippines Rapid Population Growth Given that the population of the Philippines is increase at a rapid rate of 2. 36% per year, it can be translated as an increase of more than 5,000 people free-and-easy in a country, which already ha s an increase of more than four million poor people since 1985. An 1985, the absolute number of people living in poverty was 26. 5 million.This increase to 30. 4 million in 2000 and from 2006 to 2009, increased by almost 970,000 Filipinos from 22. 2 million to 23. 1 million. As the Philippines have financially limited resources and a high poverty rate, the rapid increase in population has become a burglar because in that respect is an already insufficient resource to support the population, which leaves much fewer resources to repair the economy. From 2003 to 2006, even though the Philippines experienced above- add up economic growth, the poverty incidence actually increased as a result of its population growth rate.Unemployment Poverty reduction has not kept up with GAP growth rates, largely due to the high unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality. From 2000 to 2009, the economy of Philippines grew by 3. 2% on average annually, which was on par with the economic mental process of its neighbors. However, this recent growth did not translate into more Jobs. Unemployment in the Philippines has been high in comparison to its neighbors, at around 7. 5% to 8. 0% since 2006.As the worlds second largest archipelago, the Philippines have set about difficulty in Job creation due to its inability to attract more foreign, direct investments. Died Gunrunning, whom is the Central Bank substitute Governor, mentioned that while capital flows are act to the emerging markets, foreign, direct investments to the Philippines remain comparatively low due to the weak investment climate. The Philippines have hefty business procedures, or tax and customs administration, weak breastplate against expropriation and high- power cost. then, the poverty rate remains constant over the years.There is a big money of poverty in the Philippines. Some people, called squatters, live near trash mounds and scavenge through the rubble to find materials that they ca n re-sell. Many are living in extreme poverty and unsanitary conditions. One of the effects this impoverished lifestyle has on them is an passing short life expectancy. But there are some rays of hope. For one, slow hardly steady economic improvements are providing Jobs in places like call centers. Secondly, charitable organizations like the Philippine Aid Society are growing and working hard to fight poverty.For those who call for to do their part to help, consider a financial donation to one of these charities. Some solution for Poverty in Philippines Major Government Reform Removing of corrupt government officials Create more conflict Opportunities Call for help from the foreign countries for avail in ending poverty V. evidence Protecting the pre-poor Aside from the fact that over 1/3 of the population lives in poverty in the Philippines, experts have besides observed that a good 50% of households are in a parlous tuition vulnerable enough to cash in ones chips into pove rty if a minor financial setback happens.Hence, the government must not Just take care of the poor, but similarly make sure that millions more dont fall into poverty. Prevention is a must, if they want to prevent the problem from getting much bigger. Precariousness is usually worse in rural areas, even though umteen urban Filipinos are often at risk of falling into poverty as well. This shows that if urban poverty in the Philippines is much lower than rural one, there is a constant risk that it gets much bigger since many households are too vulnerable to economic shocks. Also, a characteristic of these uneasy families is that they tend to have more kids than the non-precarious ones.Therefore, guaranteeing main course to education and contraception are things that the government must focus on for its poverty prevention plan End import tariff, reduce poverty in the Philippines The other main problem slowing lot efforts to tackle poverty are tariff (I. E. Taxes) on imports. Althoug h they were created to protect local production, they stop up having the opposite effect. Tariff has make it more expensive for local producers (both in agriculture and industry) to import much-needed input for production. Therefore local production has stalled and resulted in more expensive prices for everyone.And in the end, many Filipinos were finally buying foreign goods anyway as theyre (sometimes) cheaper and more diverse. In the sass, the government has started reducing tariff which decreased the price of energy (e. G. Oil and coal) and eventually reduced poverty as other prices fell as well. The government made up for the sledding in tax by implementing a carbon tax that also helped protect the environment. Indeed, for a while cheaper oil also meant more pollution as the population used more machines. In the end, revenue from the carbon tax proved even higher than that from tariff.As a result, the excess of money led to lower taxes on the population and thus less poverty in the Philippines too. V. RECOMMENDATION Corruption is Just one of the factors in these problem but we must work together in order to end it. There are many ways to help the poor and end the poverty in our country. But it is not Just the problem of the government it is also the problem of all Filipino people. We as a the citizen of this country must work our way to establish ourselves by educating our minds in developing our personal lives and by this we an as a country rise to the challenge of ending poverty.