College Is An Adult, And Receiving An Education - 936 Words

When the idea of college comes to mind, what does one think of? When â€Å"college’’ is said the first thought that comes to mind is four more long stressful years of school. College is not only about the sleepless nights filled with homework and studying for one of the many exams. College exposes you to new people, learning to be an adult, and receiving an education. Education sets up young adults up for a successful future, providing the skill set needed to be successful at their job or career. All the hard work of going to school is well worth it in the end when that degree is finally in hand. People should go to college because they can get better job opportunities, which will give them better financial stability in the future. The oldest institution of higher education in the United States was founded in 1636 in the American Colonies. This later became the prestige Ivy League college, Harvard University. In 1642, Harvard had its first commencement (graduation) of nine students (Historical Facts 1). According to U.S. News Education, Harvard now has a graduation rate of eight- six percent. Harvard has one of the most top success rates which provide many opportunities for their students to be successful (U.S. News 1). Eight of our U.S. Presidents including our current president Barack Obama who attended Harvard University; they have high expectations of their students. Meaning that Harvard is extremely hard to get accepted into the University in fact, admissions rate is sixShow MoreRelatedTarget Market For Hillsborough Community College Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesMarket for Hillsborough Community College For Hillsborough Community College to attract the most students and achieve higher retention rates, Differentiated Marketing would be the best practice. Because Hillsborough Community College is predominantly diverse, target marketing groups should include dual-enrolled students, recent high-school graduates, young adults, and career-oriented adults seeking higher education. A smaller marketing group to consider is the mature adult over the age of 60 who are seekingRead MoreStudent College Debt Intertwined With The Expensive Economy867 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent college debt intertwined with the expensive economy. The idea that a better and furthered education will bring you more success is why millions even make college loans an option. It is believed, that the two elements of education and employment coincide with one another. The idea of being employed is a necessity in modern day. There is a focus on getting an education to determine your success. Although attending school is appreciable, it also comes with its issues that make college appearRead MoreMy Higher Education901 Words   |  4 Pages Receiving a higher education has been a lifelong goal for me. All my life I wanted a job saving animals, as I got older I knew being a veterinarian is my all-time life objective. Although, I am currently a veterinary technician I need to achieve a higher educational background to completely reach my goal in life. Having a college degree gives me the nostalgia that I long for; being able to say that I’m in college achieving my goals as becoming a veterinarian is gratifying to me. Being a role modelRead MorePoverty and Post-Secondary Education Essay examples1081 Words   |  5 Pagesproclaimed, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† Unfortunately, some students do not have the chance to take part in a college education. Not receiving a post-secondary education is a rising issue among those below the pover ty line in the United States. In 2010, eighty-two percent of high income students continued their education into college; while in contrast, only fifty-two percent of students living in poverty had the opportunity to receive their college educationRead MoreIs Post Secondary School Worth It?1405 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision whether it is worth paying for high college tuition when job wages are decreasing. However, since the wages of jobs are going down it is more important now that people receiving a degree from a college or university. Therefore they can be on the top of the pay range by having the advantage of getting a job over high school graduates. It is worth paying the high tuition cost because the end result after forty years will be beneficial. As a college graduate, a person is pursuing a dream forRead MoreU.s. Government Should Not Pay For The College Education943 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"No† to Free College Have you ever thought what would change if the United States Government were to pay for the first two years of college education? Many Americans believe the U.S. Government should not pay for the college education of students. The U.S. Government should not pay for the first two years of college education because of the possibility of higher tax rates, missed opportunity for students to learn the definition of discipline, and not to overlook the opportunities the governmentRead More Exploring Birds Article, College is a Waste of Time and Money530 Words   |  3 PagesExploring Birds Article, College is a Waste of Time and Money In the article College is a Waste of Time and Money, Caroline Bird explains why higher education may not be the best choice for high school graduates. Bird writes that students do not attend college because they want to, but because of what others expect. College is merely the trend in todays society. It is an escape from the real world. Students may be shuffled into a system that is neither financially nor academically beneficialRead MoreWest Georgia Technical College System831 Words   |  4 Pages West Georgia Technical College is located in Waco, Georgia and is the state s third-largest technical college. As part of the Technical College System of Georgia (TCSG), West Georgia Technical College (WGTC) is a rural two year public technical institution located in the west Georgia area with campuses in Douglasville, Murphy, Waco, Carrollton, Lagrange, and Newnan. Additionally, the college is principally a commuter campus. The college was formed on September 4, 2008 from a merger o f West CentralRead MoreValue Of College Education837 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, the rising costs of college education made many high school graduates question whether getting a degree is worth the price. However, there are several reasons why going to college is still a beneficial investment. A college education has value; it makes you more well-rounded, it increases your chance of success, and it makes you more prepared for adult life. A college education is a four-year bachelor’s degree received by living on a college campus. While there are other ways toRead MoreAttending High School, Just Like Attendign College Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Aims Attending high school, just like attendign college is about finding oneself, working hard, introducing challenging ideas and solutions, making friends, and altogether growing up. Receiving education from an urban highschool could make the continuation of education a difficult task due to over crowding in the classrooms or lack of funding for materials. Another problem that seems to be in place is what is thoguht about when hearing urban schools. Many think about one extreme or another:

The Mother Daughter Relationship in I Stand Here Ironing...

The Mother Daughter Relationship in I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen I stand here ironing, a unique phrase uttered by a woman in her conquest of life. It may seem like an unwanted phrase to many, but it has deep meaning behind it. This phrase is almost whispered by the narrator of ?I Stand Here Ironing,? Tillie Olsen, and also by many other mothers going through an important stage in their lives. The stage in life that the mother in the story is going through is called child development, and within this complicated stage arise many new worlds of imagination, emotional journeys, and soothing memories. The whole story is based around a mothers view, and joy, of her child growing up in a world filled with barriers and hurdles†¦show more content†¦I feel, however, that this story was based on the emotional pull a mother has to one of her children and how the feelings of emotion race wildly with every moment and situation in that child?s life. The fact that her mother, the narrator, felt so attached to her daughter, Emily, makes me feel that the t wo had some sort of connection within each of their respected childhoods. It almost appears that the narrator wants us to feel that connection by expressing her emotions so vividly and with such emotional detail that you are almost forced to feel that child?s pain, happiness, and struggle through the narrator views and battles. When Elaine Orr expresses the mother?s connection with her daughter, as though it is her same childhood that is being examined as the basis for Emily?s existence, she states: ?Emily, without father and often separated from the mother, is ?skeleton thin,? dark, quiet, slow, and thoughtful.?(EO 80) The narrator is, seemingly, expressing how she grew up. The question that is posed here is, why would a mother say such words about her daughter, with such animosity, and describe her in such a way; unless she too was brought up the same way or had the same experiences as her child? This leaves a statement on the narrator?s views and feelings during the time of her d aughter?s childhood about how she feels Emily will grow up as well. The narrator, her mother, is almost predicting her daughter?s future by stating many detailed descriptions of feelings,Show MoreRelated Mother Daughter Relationship in I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen1403 Words   |  6 PagesMother Daughter Relationship in I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen If Only.... Almost every parent dreams of giving their children what they never had growing up. However, unavoidable situations cannot be changed and we are forced to make do with what life gives us. Life’s twists and turns are not always predicted, we get caught up with other things and lose sight of the important ones. In the story, â€Å"I Stand Here IroningRead MoreTillie Olsen : I Stand Here Ironing870 Words   |  4 PagesTillie Olsen: â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† Tillie Olsen is acknowledged as one of the most important writers in American literature. Even though her reputation was built on a small body of work, Olsen is recognized for her skill as a storyteller, and her determination to give hope to people of different races, genders, or classes. Olsen’s most famous short story, â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing,† is known for its adverse symbols, point of view, and themes. Tillie Olsen was born in Omaha, Nebraska on January 14Read More Tillie Olsen’s I Stand Here Ironing Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesTillie Olsen’s I Stand Here Ironing Tillie Olsen was born in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1913, the child of political refugees from Russia. Olsen dropped out of school at the age of sixteen to help support her family during the depression. She became politically active in the Young Communist League and was involved in the Warehouse Union’s labor disputes in Kansas City. Her first novel, Yonnondio, about a poor, working-class family, was begun when she was nineteen. While writing the novel over the nextRead MoreA Mothers Struggle I Stand Here Ironing891 Words   |  4 Pages2011 Short Fiction Reading Log A Mother’s Struggle: Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† Tillie Olsen’s â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† examines a mother’s internal struggle about the way she raised her eldest daughter Emily. By opening with â€Å"I stand here ironing† the author depicts the oppressive world of domestic tasks that engulfed and forms the mother’s life.† The repetitive motion of the iron moving â€Å"back and forth† across the surface of the ironing board mimics the mother’s thought process as she movesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Tillie Olsens I Stand Here Ironing958 Words   |  4 PagesRiddle by Tillie Olsen is a powerful and unforgettable representation of the struggles of the working class, and how gender roles portray the differences in the life of poverty as well as a family unit. In Tell Me a Riddle, Tillie, presents us with an array of several short stories, all in which depict Tillie’s relationship to the Midwest, her point of views on the role of motherhood and her Jewish tradition. I Stand Here Ironing, is probably one of the most powerful pieces that Tillie constructedRead MoreThe Feminist Movement : The Yellow Wallpaper And I Stand Here Ironing Essay1770 Words   |  8 PagesStates Suffrage†). Among the women who did their part to gain equality were Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Tillie Olsen, authors of the short stories â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† These works both act as semi-autobiographical documentations of the effects of patriarchal society on women’s mental, emotional and physical health. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† were written more than sixty years apart, but in what ways do they relate? The narrators of both of theseRead MoreI Stand Here Ironing, By Tillie Olsen And Girl By Jamaica Kincaid1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe mother-daughter relationship is often scrutinized, publicized, and capitalized on. Whether from tell-all biographies, to humorou s sit-coms, or private therapy sessions, this particular relationship dynamic gives some of the most emotion-activating memories. When female authors reflect and write about their relationships with their mothers, they have a tendency to taint their reflections with the opinions they have as an adult, reviewing the actions of their mother when they were young. TheseRead MoreI Stand Here Ironing By Tillie Olson Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor including home life, personal conflict and many other factors as well. In the short story, I stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olson, the author does an excellent job at portraying a mother-daughter relationship that is not necessarily the â€Å"standard relationship†. Throughout the short story, Tillie Olson’s powerful use of words aided in the development of the not-so-perfect mother-daughter relationship with the to main characters in senses of guilt, absence, and the overall development of the daughter’sRead MoreI Stan d Here Ironing By Tillie Olsen Essay2308 Words   |  10 Pagesthings that they as parents are not able to. In Tillie Olsen’s short story, â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing†, she writes about the distressed feelings of a woman, a mother, as she looks back on her daughter’s life. This reflection provoked someone else’s distress for her daughter, although we never find out exactly who is worried about the well-being of the daughter, the mother examines the reasons for her 19 year old daughter’s existing issues and defends her daughter and the things she did to make sure she hadRead MoreI Stand Here Ironing1294 Words   |  6 PagesDistant Relationship between a Daughter and Her Mother Senior year is time for high school students to celebrate their accomplishments and move on to their new life - an independent life from parents. However, you should respect and appreciate these last moments of love, care and support from your parents because many unfortunate children such as Emily in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† story written by Tillie Olsen have not received all the care from their parents since their youth age. Olsen expresses

Stem cells - The Gods of All Cells - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2021 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Stem cells are literally the gods of all cells. They have the potential to develop into so many different types of cells within the body. For many untreatable neurodegenerative disorders, stem cell research offers great promise and hope for a cure to these progressive diseases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stem cells The Gods of All Cells" essay for you Create order Here we discuss what a stem cell is and the basic functions, how it can be used to help alleviate one of the largest symptoms of Alzheimers disease, and research of stem cells on neurological disorders and how stem cell development correlating with Alzheimers can create new experiments for clinical research. The human brain is prone to neurodegeneration and is unable to counteract the neuronal loss by regenerating lost cells. Patients with neurodegenerative conditions progressively lose neurons yet have an absence in the appropriate plasticity response that would replace the lost ones (Tincer, Mashkaryan, Bhattarai Kizil, 2016). Regeneration or neuroreplacement in neurodegenerative diseases may seem like an unattainable goal, however, when you look at model organisms, they may hold potential for advancement in cellular therapies and replacement treatments. Intro: What is a Stem Cell? Stem cell are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. Th ey are a repair system and are different from other cells in the body in a few different ways. The main being that stem cells can divide and renew themselves over a long period of time and are unspecialized; because of this stem cells have the potential to become specialized cells that go on to perform specific functions within the body. Stem cells which divided under the right conditions go on to form more and more daughter cells, some of which become more stem cells while others become specialized cells. Some examples of these specialized cells are heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells. In the past regular connective tissue has been taken by researchers and reprogram to become functional heart cells. In one study, animals with heart failure that were inoculated with new heart cells experienced enhanced heart function and an increase in their survival time (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Stem cells are noted as being one of the bodys raw materials (Mayo Clinic, 2018) meaning all other cells with a specialized function are generated from them. That being said, stem cell s can literally transform into any specialized cell under the right conditions in the body or laboratory setting. Stem cells can be guided into becoming specific cells that can be used to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissue within the body (Mayo Clinic, 2018). For various untreatable neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinsons disease (PD) (the current-approved drugs provide only symptomatic relief) (Bali, Lahiri, Banik, Nehru, Anand, 2017), stem cell therapy gives potential to be used in the regrowth of new tissue systems for use in transplant and regenerative medicine. Some Fun Summaries of Scholarly Papers In an article published in 2012 by Jun Tang, it was discussed how close a stem cell cure really was to Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease (AD), Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons disease occur as a result of the neurodegeneration process. There is no current proven cure for AD, drug therapy can only improve cognitive symptoms temporarily and no treatment options can stop, reverse or even slow down the rate that Alzheimers affects the brain. Non-drug treatments such as behavioral interventions and gene therapy can only bring temporary symptomatic relief but still does not stop the progression of this disease. Neurogenesis has been proven to exist in restricted regions of the adult brain, this is supported by the identification of neural stem cells which suggests that the adult central nervous system may be open to cell intervention. A combination of psychosocial, behavioral, and pharmacologic strategies intends to slow the process of Alzheimers and preserve the quality of life for as long as possible. A neuro-replacement strategy would undoubtedly become more viable as we develop our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and aid in research aiming to clarify the physiological role of neural stem cells in the adult brain (Tang 2012). In 2016, an article by Tincer, Mashkaryan, Mhattarai, and Kizil was published stating how neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) can be used as a therapeutic approach to reverse or slow the loss of affected neurons. Stem cells could provide an environmental support to residing neurons by creating neurotrophic factors and creating additional neural networks in affected areas. In a healthy brain, the NSPCs are the multipotent stem cells that are capable of production, self-renewal, and generation of new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Enhancing their production rate and vari ation size, combined with new methods aiming to increase the survival and integration of neurons into the brains circuitry may provide a regenerative contribution in a highly unfavorable neurodegenerative environment. It was discussed how zebrafish can be used as a model organism due to their extensive regenerative ability in the brain and this may address the molecular programs needed to counteracted neurodegeneration by enhanced neurogenesis. The programs in the zebrafish brain may show the difference between the neurogenic abilities of NSPCs and the regenerative capabilities of their brains in correspondence to mammalian brains. By studying the zebrafish brains there is an opportunity to understand how vertebrates could efficiently form neurons after neuron loss. Although the zebrafish brain does not reflect the exact same physiological and neurochemical complexity of the human brain, they do have highly conserved phylogenetic similarity to humans in brain structure, neuronal types and developmental terms (Tincer, Mashkaryan, Mhattarai, and Kizil, 2016). New Application: Stem Cells and Alzheimers Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness and the most common form of dementia. AD is a progressive disease meaning that the dementia symptoms associated with it gradually worsen over time. In the early phases, memory loss is mild but as time goes on individuals lose the ability to converse with others a nd respond properly to their environmental stimuli. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Those with this disease live maybe an average of eight years after their symptoms become noticeable to others but the survival range can go from four to twenty years depending on the individuals age, lifestyle, and other health conditions (Alzheimers Association, n.d.). Alzheimers disease is characterized by two types of abnormal brain structures: amyloid-beta (A) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Harvard, n.d.). A plaques are kind of like sticky clumps of protein bits that accumulate around and attack brain cells. These protein plaques in the brain could be created as our immune system fights off invading microbes but overall the function of the plaques still remains unclear (Ananthaswamy, 2016). Neurofibrillary tangles are twisted fibers of protein that build up inside the neurons of Alzheimers patients. The memory loss and communication problems typical of AD dont normally appear until after age sixty because it takes time for these structures to accumulate (Harvard, n.d.). There is not a current prevention method nor cure for Alzheimers disease (Tang, 2012). There are some treatments for the symptoms, but these remedies cannot stop the progression of AD. That being said, one of the symptoms that could potentially be alleviated by the use of a neural stem cell transplant is an individuals memory. Memory is located in a few areas of the brain, but some of the primary areas would be the pref rontal cortex, temporal lobes, and the hippocampus. The prefrontal cortex plays a key role in the processing of short-term memory and retaining long-term memories. The temporal lobes process the semantics in both speech and vision including the processing of complex stimuli such as faces, and scenes aid in the formation and retention of long-term memory (Mastin, n.d.). The hippocampus plays a role in the formation of new memories and the detection of new surroundings, occurrences, and stimuli (Mandal, 2018). Basically, all memories have to go through the hippocampus in order to be sent to the location in the brain in which theyll be stored, many of the memories being sent to the temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex. By doing a cellular replacement procedure, there could be a potentially increase the neuroplasticity in the brain by creating new synapses in these specific areas of degeneration to help retain memories. Cellular replacement implicates the substitution of specific neuronal subtypes lost in disease and successive grafting into affected areas (Tincer, Mashkaryan, Bhattarai Kizil, 2016). To state the procedure in lament terms, one would go into the brain of the patient and take biopsies of diseased cells from the prefrontal cortex, temporal lobes, and hippocampus. Once taken out, the original neural cells taken from the brain would be disregarded and traded out for embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cells would be modified with a basic protocol for the directed differentiation and selected precursors in order to turn them into the neural cells we are looking to replicate before transplantation into the brain. The newly transplanted cells should integrate and recapitulate a neural network similar to that of a healthy brain. Replenishing these areas with new regenerated cells to help prolong memory of the individual, the potential increase in the end quality of life would be incalculable. By increasing the amount of time of AD patients have with some sort of improved memory retention there is no telling what the benefits could be. One of the worst factors of caring for a person diagnosed with Alzheimers is seeing them forget their loved ones and their very familiar surroundings. If cellular replacement could increase the neuroplasticity of these three primary memory locations, it may be easier on the caretakers and patients who are affected by Alzheimers due to the potential retention of core memories such as where the individual lives, basic hygiene and daily routine, and remembering faces of their close family and friends. Although this would not be stopping the progression of the degeneration on the whole brain, by trying to salvage these parts the potential end quality of life would skyrocket. Conclusion In theory, there is no limit to the number of neurodegenerative diseases that could be treated with stem cell research. These complex disorders have various cell types in which cellular therapies may just be the key to unlocking the cure or at least help in the alleviation of symptoms caused by them. Neurogenesis has been proven to exist in restricted regions of the adult brain which suggests that the adult central nervous system may be open to cell intervention. Neural cellular replacement requires new research and methods in order to work around the hurdles of reverting neuronal death, preventing synaptic degeneration, and encouraging the increase in plasticity of neural stem cells. Since humans lack the proper plasticity response, looking to model organisms might play a key role in finding genetic tools needed to decrease the rate of neurodegeneration in humans. Although most of these studies are performed in embryonic stages or stopped generating a progressing neurodegeneration model that could be addressed in adult stages. Works Cited: Alzheimers Association. (n.d.). What Is Alzheimers? Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers Ananthaswamy, A. (2016, May 25). Alzheimers may be caused by brains sticky defence against bugs. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2090221-alzheimers-may-be-caused-by-brains-sticky-defence-against-bugs/ Bali, P., Lahiri, D. K., Banik, A., Nehru, B., Anand, A. (2017). Potential for Stem Cells Therapy in Alzheimers Disease: Do Neurotrophic Factors Play Critical Role? Current Alzheimer Research,14(2), 208-220. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f Harvard Stem Cell Institute. (n.d.). Alzheimers Disease. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://hsci.harvard.edu/alzheimers-disease-0 Mandal, A. (2018, August 23). Hippocampus Functions. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hippocampus-Functions.aspx Mastin, L. (n.d.). Parts of the Brain. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.human-memory.net/brain_parts.html Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, October 24). Stem cells: What they are and what they do. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stem-cell-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/ART-20048117?p=1 Tang, J. (2012). How close is the stem cell cure to the Alzheimers disease. Neural Regeneration Research,7(1), 66-71. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f Tincer, G., Mashkaryan, V., Bhattarai, P., Kizil, C. (2016). Neural stem/progenitor cells in Alzheimers disease. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine,89(1), 23-35. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f

Psychology as a Pradigm Essay - 1679 Words

Thomas Kuhn asserts that sciences more mature than psychology have reached what he describes as a paradigm (Kuhn, 1963). A paradigm is a model, universally accepted by practitioners of a science during the period of its development (Watson, 1966). A paradigm must attract adherents away from approaches that oppose its own, and is sufficiently open-ended so that the problems it leaves can be resolved (Locurto, 2013; Kuhn, 1963). Therefore, a paradigm directs research and defines problems worth solving (Locurto, 2013). With a global acceptance among practitioners a paradigm defines the science it operates under. Kuhn (1963) recognizes that the scientific fields of physics, chemistry, astronomy, and biology all are paradigmatic. Illustrative†¦show more content†¦Generally, Kulpe’s lab asked subjects to perform more complex behaviors and report after the fact their conscious experiences. It was in these instances that they reported a lack of images associated with proble m solution (Locurto, 2013). Kulpe found that subjects could not state how they made their judgments. This suggested that it was far more difficult to pin down the contents of the mind (Locurto, 2013). As a result of not being globally accepted, Wundt’s theory of introspection was dismissed and failed to serve a paradigm for psychology. One of the next major fields of psychology was introduced by American psychologist, William James. William James wrote the first American introductory psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology, in 1890 (Locurto, 2013). William James, influenced by Charles Darwin’s biological principles, defined the study of psychology as the study of mental life, but it was the function of mental life that was central-consciousness must have survival value- to his definition. It is in James’ work that the transition from dualism, a term coined by French philosopher Rene Descartes stating that the body exerts a greater influence on the mind t han previously believed in history, to a more monistic functionalism where the brain and the mind are the same (Locurto, 2013). Moreover his believed in the free will, according to his auto-motor theory of behaviorShow MoreRelatedCorporate Finance69408 Words   |  278 Pagesexplain ex-post realised returns. Amalgamating the above evidence implies that, if you are willing to disregard the Roll critique, you should probably conclude that the CAPM does not hold. This has led certain authors to investigate other asset-pricing pradigms such as the APT (which we discuss in the next chapter). An alternative viewpoint would be to argue that such results tell us little or nothing about the validity of the CAPM due to the insight of Roll (1977). 39 92 Corporate finance A reminder

Statistical Process Control Assigment Free Essays

string(187) " controlling the limits of variation in our process our project will be run more smooth and can keep satisfy of our customer and increase products quality through production methodology\." Task1: Describe two basic types of inspection used in sampling for process control and explain two processes at your company that could benefits from each type of inspection. In you answer gives the example of variation expected from that process. Answer 1- There are two types of data inspection which are below: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Statistical Process Control Assigment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Variable or continuous scale 2. Attribute or discrete scale 1. Variable or continuous data inspection: The variable data inspection is the type of inspection which varies time to time and it is the scale of measurement for any process used in different industrial process as well as in our daily life. In variable data inspection there is not breakup between the process. Which means the variable data scale always vary with the time. Examples: Temperature, distance, Analogue signal, Acceleration, Velocity, Weight etc. Explanation: 1- As we know that the analogue signal always varies the values from zero to its maximum values with the different periods of time. Analogue signal start from zero value and its goes to high peak and then after that its values become low which goes to minimum to zero. This example shows that this type of inspection is always continuous with time. But we should be remembering that in variable data inspection the value always was remaining continues. 2- In another example suppose a cooking oil company selling the different type of oil drums into market. Then we differentiate all these drums in local shop by checking their size , weight, volume, shapes, capacity. 2. Attribute data inspection: In is scale of measurement in any process which should not be vary or continue. The attribute data inspection scale is measured by checking their quality. For example pour quality, bad , accept, and good , yes or not. Examples: 1- For example we want to buy a motorbike in showroom. So then we do not need to look its engine power or its speed and other features. Just we will be choosing that looks good for us. But in case of attribute data inspection we need to see its all features. For example its model or its engine power capacity which make motorbike different from other models. Also by looking its more characteristics. 2- Suppose a company producing different type of product like a pen etc. Then in attribute data inspection scale we just look and select any of them. But we will consider its quality, and their writing life time. The above both scale of measurement are necessary in industrial but often time we give the priority to variable data scale because it is important that to get more success in our products quality. And checks the product everything by using the attribute data scale. For example today a lots company producing the electronics components which are used in printed circuit board for electronics industry design. But to make safe working operation of any electronics devices we must check the components life time, materials quality, its temperature. Which make the circuit operation more effective and increased the circuit finally stability. So thus why by using the attribute data inspection our product will work more efficient. Which also keep the customer happy and satisfy? But we used the other type of inspection at this stage then we have more change that our business or product goes in loss and it’s reduce the customer unhappy and keep down market value over all. Task 2: Describe clearly the significance of natural and assignable causes of variation. Answer: There are two type of variation which is below. – Natural or common cause of variation: Explanation: This type of variation is actually happened in system by automatically or naturally. But the effects of this variation in process is low than other variation. All these variation automatically generated and effect the process because nature of system. For example in electronics field we can see that are too many natural variation which normally involves in t he system and change the system output overall. The rays of sun, industrial noise etc which often affect the transistors and change its current. All these variation is inheriting the process. But a main thing is how we keep our process our process away from this natural variation. According to my own point of view this is only required to modify the system which can decrease effect of natural variation in process. This can be done when we select a good team and team management skills. 2-Assignable variation or special cause of variation: The special or assignable variation is the type of variation which occurred in process by different method for example the change of the environment, lack of attention of operator or problems in machine. So assignable variation is not generated automatically in process but all these variation cause when you see some problems in machine or the lack of attention of the operator who do not have extra skill to properly handle it or used it. So we need to check the environment as well because the change of environment suddenly can also affect our result. By making some good decision and applying some strategies we can eliminate the assignable variation in process. It is easy to avoid the special cause of variation in system comparatively naturally variation. Task 3: Explain the purpose of modified control limits for variable data inspection: A control limits is very important for any process to run in right direction. By controlling limits narrow our project will be look more effective and perfect. The wider control limit is the signe which show the project is going to be fail. Which means there are lots of variations in project which can effect our product as well. It does not matter that how much project is big or large, but main thing is in project that how we can handle the limits by the using good technical skill or scientific method. So by controlling the limits of variation in our process our project will be run more smooth and can keep satisfy of our customer and increase products quality through production methodology. You read "Statistical Process Control Assigment" in category "Papers" Figure -1 Control limit diagram The above figure -1 is basic diagram of a control limit chart of any process. Where we can see tow lines. The upper line is called upper control and lower line is called lower control limit line and between them there is one more line which is called average line or centre line. If for example if we increased the distance of upper and lower control limit lines then its much difficult to us to find the error in our process, because the variation in our process is very high. So we have maximum chance that our project will be damage at any stage. If we see less distance between upper and lower limit lines then we can say our process is under control or project is stable. Which means there is nothing wrong in our system which damages our project to its success? If the data is fall down out size these two control lines then we should be know that some things is wrong in our process which take us to the damage. In the process is in control and process statistic is normal, 99. 7300% of all the points will fall between the control limits. Any observation outside the limits, or systematic pattern within, suggest the introduction of a new and like unanticipated source of variation, known as special cause variation. Since increased variation means increased the quality costs, a control chart (signalling) the presence of a special – cause requires immediate investigation. This makes the control limits very important decision aids. The control limits tell you about process behaviour and have not intrinsic relationship to any specification targets or engineering tolerance. In practice , the process mean (and hence the centre line) may not coincide with the specified value or target of the quality characteristic because the process’ design’ simply cannot deliver the process characteristic at the desired level. The purpose of control charts is to allow simple detection of events that are indicative of the actual process change. This simple decision can be difficult where process characteristic is continuously varying. The control chart provides statistically objective criteria of change when change is detected and considered good it is cause should be identified and possibly become the new way of working, where the change is bad then its cause should be identified and eliminated. Task no 6: p3. 1, p3. 3, 4. 2: According to my experiment in class the data collected by taking the length and diameter measurement. In all of the 25 readings I draw a distribution chart and according to that chart most of the values of length of dowels are in between 29. 81mm to 30. 00mm and then the 2nd most common values are in 30. 1mm to 30. 20mm while the rest of values are in between 29. 00mm to 29. 80mm. As shown in below figure 1. 1 As showing in this SPC chart 1. 1 where the data is moving away from the mean line which mean there is something happening wrong in the process but it is still in control so we need to check it out properly in order to get bet product of dowel from process. SPC chart 1. 1 Similarly I d raw some control chart relating to dowels diameter and no of dowels in which I can see that most of the data existing near to the mean value but there is two point which is point A and point B as shown in the SPC 1. where the data is moving away from the mean line which mean there is something happening wrong in the process but it is still in control so we need to check it out. SPC 1. 2 In figure 1. 2 the data shown in the chart tells us that the most of the data is below the mean line but is in control but if the process going in the same direction then after some time we can see that all those points which are near to mean line moving away from it and it cross the lower limits and it become uncontrollable. SPC 1. 3 In figure 1. the chart for the diameter of the dowels shows that the most of the diameter of the dowels are between 7. 81mm to 8. 00mm then the 2nd most common value of diameter is existing between8. 01mm to 8. 20mm, while the remaining values are in between 8. 21mm to 8. 40mm , 7. 60mm to 7. 80mm and 8. 61mm to 8. 90mm. Task: 7 P2. 5; p3. 3 Recommendations to the manufacturing manger on how to control the dowel production process. This could be in the form of a control program. Answer: The manufacture manger is person who is responsible to control the all kind of variation in dowel production in process system. Because without knowing variation which can effect the dowel performance cannot be improve the process of dowels. First of all the manger should be know that what kind of variations can effect system of dowel during their measurement or during the process of dowels. As i mentioned in beging that there are two kinds of variations which can involved in system and it can damage the system of dowel. These two variation are very common , and production manger need to control them by using some wise step. These two variations are given below. * Common cause of variation Special cause of variation The first kind of variation in dowel production can be effect by the nature of system. Because all these kinds of variation is actually generated automatically. So the manger should be making a list in which he need to write all kinds of common cause variation. Here are some given some example of common cause variation * Inappropriate procedures. * Poor design. * Poor maintenance of machines. * La ck of clearly defined standard operating procedures. * Poor working conditions. e. g. lighting, noise, dirt, temperature, ventilation. * Machines not suited to the job. Substandard raw materials. * Measurement error. If the above variation happens in production of dowel then the manufacturing manger should be control by applying different strategies. For example they need to use some new and good error less equipment which can show proper measurement of dowel. Also he needs to check the raw materials in the production of dowel. Always try to use the good materials and should be provide safe working environment to their employees. According to my own opinion the work environment can play an important role in dowel production plant. If the manger implement some role in plant then they can improve both quality and workers performance in order to get best performance of their production. Because a happy work place or environment is productive office or place weather all employees put their efforts to improving the quality. Often time the engineers / works enhance their ability when their management provide them safe and secure atmosphere. The assignable variation cannot affect the system by automatically but these all variation effect the process of dowel by unusually. Here are some examples of assignable variations * Operator absent. Poor adjustment of equipment. * Operator falls asleep. * Faulty controllers. * Machine malfunction. If all above the variation is control by the manger during the dowel production then they have very less chance to be fail of their product. This process is called the statistical process control, if system is in under control then in SPC chart show the how line is close to mean lines. But any of above variation affects the system and which is not control then the process is called out of control. Which show that there are some problems which may be lack of attention of operator or used by faulty equipments. Always he should be draw some SPC charts in which he can judge all kinds of variations by putting their values as we I given the example in above SPC charts. The production manger needs to use these tools and techniques in order to improve quality of dowels. The tools and techniques most commonly used in process improvement are: †¢ Problem solving methodology, such as DRIVE †¢ Process mapping †¢ Process flowcharting †¢ Force field analysis †¢ Cause effect diagrams †¢ CEDAC †¢ Brainstorming †¢ Pareto analysis †¢ Statistical process control (SPC) †¢ Control charts †¢ Check sheets †¢ Bar charts †¢ Scatter diagrams Matrix analysis †¢ Dot plot or tally chart †¢ Histograms All above tools and technique help the manger to improve the dowels quality in process system. Below diagram 1. 5 most power full tools or techniques which enable to manger that he needs to look all of them to improve the process. Regulators Erro r less equipment or Machine Human Skills and experience Knowledge Output Controls Input Process Of dowel Physical Site Mechanical Service Product Internal Data Supplies External Raw materials Capacity Resources Standard References: http://www. businessballs. com/dtiresources/TQM_process_improvement_tools. pdf How to cite Statistical Process Control Assigment, Essays

The October Crisis Essay Research Paper THE free essay sample

The October Crisis Essay, Research Paper THE OCTOBER CRISIS The narrative of the FLQ ( Front de Liberation du Quebec ) and the October Crisis has taught us non to take the first marks of terrorist act lightly. The federal authorities and the authorities of Quebec acted suitably given the state of affairs presented by the FLQ? s actions. This essay will concentrate on three countries of importance in protecting our state? s safety during the October Crisis of 1970: the protection of high profile politicians that were in danger from the FLQ, the arrangement of military officers in Quebec City, Montreal, and Ottawa ; and the federal authorities? s execution of the War Measures Act. The first of import action by the authorities was the protection of high profile politicians, who had a direct and indirect engagement with the FLQ? s actions. The FLQ had kidnapped two politicians, British diplomat, James Cross, and Quebec Minister of Labour, Pierre Laporte before any action was taken. We will write a custom essay sample on The October Crisis Essay Research Paper THE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 These snatchs forced the authorities into action. The action was to convey the Canadian Military into Quebec, and to set Canada under the War Measures Act, which suspended the civil autonomies of all Canadians. These standards will be outlined in the undermentioned paragraphs. These two determinations were really of import in the protection of politicians every bit good as civilian Canadians. The authorities was non moving out of fright. It was moving to forestall fright from distributing. It was moving to keep the regulation of jurisprudence because without it freedom is impossible. It was moving to protect Canada. But the protection was non perfect. The War Measures Act, brought in to protect Canadians, was, harmonizing to the FLQ the ground they murdered Pierre Laporte. The slaying nevertheless, increased the degree of protection given to politicians. The first illustration of this increased protection was at Laporte? s funeral. All traffic had been sealed off for four-blocks ar ound the church where the funeral was to take topographic point. When Robert Bourassa, the Premier of Quebec arrived, guards escorted him in, with their guns drawn ; Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was escorted in a similar manner, nevertheless no guns were seeable. Crisp Taws from the Canadian Armed Forces in place on top of all tall office edifices within a five-block radius of the Notre Dame Church in Montreal. Police transporting rifles with bayonets patrolled the country around the church. Soldiers with machine guns were at every window of the church, and at the church? s chief towers. A state where the Prime Minister could usually walk unprotected as he pleased, had been changed by terrorists into a topographic point where the Prime Minister was being guarded at all times. Another clip of great security was when James Cross was to eventually be released, on December 2, 1970, 59 yearss after he was captured. Approaching his release, constabulary had moved into all houses environi ng the triplex were Cross was being held. They could hear everything that was traveling on interior. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) were so close about its actions that the Montreal Police did non even cognize what the RCMP was making. In fact the screen was about blown when a neighbor had reported unusual things go oning in a house, a house that the RCMP occupied. On the forenoon that James Cross was to be released, 100s of constabulary and soldiers had moved around the country. Full blocks had been sealed from traffic. Snipers and riflemen were everyplace ; the FLQ could non get away if they had tried. Because of all this protection and safeguards, James Cross was returned safely.2 In add-on to these specific security steps during the October Crisis, there were general protection processs. The RCMP secured federal authorities edifices in Ottawa, to supply armed bodyguard to federal authorities functionaries, and to supply a speedy reaction force. A particular liaison s taff was established at Canadian Forces Headquarters, including members of the RCMP and Ottawa constabularies, to guarantee coordination and application of resources. The protection provided to politicians was something unprecedented in Canada, but however there were no mistakes made in protecting these persons. The 2nd of import engagement by the authorities, was the arrangement of military officers to protect citizens in Quebec City, Montreal, and Ottawa. When the Quebec Minister of Labour, Pierre Laporte was kidnapped, Quebec Premier, Robert Bourassa called Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau and asked him to direct in the ground forces, and to believe about raising the War Measures Act. At this clip Trudeau agreed that the ground forces should be sent in. The Quebec authorities made the proclamation on October 13, 1970 that the Armed Forces would be brought in, the authorities indicated that soldiers from the Armed Forces would be summoned into Quebec City and Montreal, for protection. Within half an hr of Bourassa? s proclamation a convoy of 200 military vehicles was going towards Montreal. In add-on to the vehicles, military air conveyance vehicles were in the air transporting more work forces, arms, and supplies to Montreal.3 Not long after the armed forces was brought in there was broad s pread choler from many Canadians who were opposed to this sort of action, these people, in most portion, were afraid of the Military presence on the streets of their town. In response to the public call, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau made this statement during a televised interview: # 8220 ; Yes, good there are a batch of shed blooding Black Marias around who merely wear? Ts like to see people with helmets and guns. All I can state is, travel on and shed blood, but it is more of import to maintain jurisprudence and order in the society than to be worried about weak-kneed people who Don? T like the expressions of # 8230 ; # 8221 ; He further added: # 8220 ; I think the society must take every agency at its disposal to support itself against the outgrowth of a parallel power which defies the elective power in this state and I think that this goes to any distance # 8221 ; .. When Trudeau was challenged to province merely how far he would travel, he rebelliously stated: # 8220 ; Well, merely watch me # 8221 ; .4 Prime Minister Trudeau and the authorities did non like the determination either, but the action was necessary to protect Canada? s democracy. By the eventide of October 13, more Thursday an 1000 Canadian military officers were stationed in Montreal. Along with the proclamation that the armed forces was to be brought in, the Quebec authorities invoked the Police Act. The Police Act, was an exigency jurisprudence that placed all of Quebec? s constabulary and ground forces forces under the order of the manager of the Quebec Provincial Police ( QPP ) . This left the state of 13 000 work forces ( 12 000 constabulary officers, and 1 000 military soldiers ) .5 In add-on to the soldiers in Quebec City, and Montreal, military forces had been deployed in Ottawa, to protect the states capital, which many idea could be in danger of onslaughts by the FLQ. All of this armed presence left the metropoliss with a different feeling, a feeling of war, within the state, something that had neer been felt before. However, the presence was necessary, to protect many Canadians, from the actions of a few Canadians who thought they could take over the state. The armed forces was at that place because the FLQ was going progressively unsafe ; with the snatch of British diplomat, James Cross, and the snatch of Quebec Minister of Labour, Pierre Laporte, the authorities felt that to no 1 could be safe without the protection of the armed forces. The function of the military officers would increase well with the call from Prime Minister Trudeau that Canada would now be under control of the War Measures Act.6 The power that the officers received under the War Measures Act was huge. Anyone that was seen as a menace could be arrested and detained, without ground for a period of clip. The military and constabularies were seting many people in gaol, to protect Canada. The soldiers would stay in Quebec until January 4, 1971 which was decided on December 23, 1970.7 Prime Minister Trudeau decided this, after measuring the state of affairs at that clip, it was deemed that the FLQ was no longer a threat.8 The determination to convey the military into Quebec City, Montreal, and Ottawa wa s one of the most of import determinations made to protect Canadians during the October Crisis of 1970. The 3rd and concluding piece of information of importance was the federal Broad authorities? s execution of soldierly jurisprudence as the War Measures Act, during the October Crisis of 1970. The determination by Prime Minister to set soldierly jurisprudence in topographic point during this clip was one of the most of import determinations of all time made to protect the people of Canada? s safety. The War Measures Act, was created in 1914 and read as follows: ? In the event of war, invasion, or rebellion, existent or apprehended, the Governor in Council can deploy military forces, impose censoring, apprehension and detain suspected revolutionists and foreigners, prohibition insurgent organisations, expropriate belongings, and exercise authorities control over all facets of transit and trade. ? 9 The diction of the War Measures Act was flexible plenty to let the Prime Minister to authorise such Acts of the Apostless that were deemed necessary or advisable for the security, defense mechanism, peace, order, and public assistance of Canada. On October 15, 1970 the War Measures Act was issued and the Front de Liberation du Quebec was declared an improper association.10 Any individual who was a member of the FLQ, or who acted or supported the FLQ in some manner became apt to a jail term that could non transcend five old ages. Any individual arrested for such a intent could be held without bond for up to ninety yearss. In the absence of grounds that they where non a member, cogent evidence that a individual was a member of the FLQ was shown by go toing a meeting of the FLQ, talking publically as an advocator of the FLQ, or to pass on statements on behalf of the FLQ. However the War Measures Act did hold one serious recoil, on October 18, 1970, merely three yearss after the proclama tion that the War Measures Act was in topographic point, Pierre Laporte who had been kidnapped by the FLQ was murdered. The FLQ said he was killed due to the authorities? s determination to raise the War Measures Act. However, the slaying was non something the authorities could hold foreseen.11 The War Measures Act gave sweeping powers to the authorities. It besides suspended the operation of the Canadian Bill of Rights. Prime Minister Trudeau assured the populace that the authorities was really loath to seek such powers, and that it did so merely when it became clear that the state of affairs could non be controlled unless aid was made available instantly. The War Measures Act was the extraordinary aid necessary.12 The constabulary and military were given certain powers necessary for the sensing and riddance of conspirative FLQ members. The FLQ advocated the usage of force and so rank of the FLQ was declared illegal. The power that the officers were given included: the right to see k and collar without warrant, to confine suspected members without it being necessary to put specific charges right off, and to confine these people without bail.13 They were strong powers and where unsavory, but however really necessary, to allow the constabulary and soldiers to cover with people who advocated the FLQ overthrow of Canada? s democratic system. Many Canadians, one time once more, did non back up the authorities? s actions that were so undemocratic.14 Many people did non cognize how critical the state of affairs with the FLQ truly was, the crisis was non being taken earnestly plenty by the populace. The populace did non cognize how much danger the FLQ had put them in. There were menaces of bombing to big concern edifices, and menaces of more snatchs, the War Measures Act, which today has evolved into the Emergencies Act, was necessary to protect the democracy in Canada, that the FLQ was seeking to take away. There were three really of import actions performed by both the federal authorities and the authorities of Quebec during the October Crisis of 1970: the protection of high profile politicians involved with the FLQ? s actions, the determination to convey the military into Quebec City, Montreal and Ottawa, and the federal authoritiess determination to set soldierly jurisprudence into action by manner of the War Measures Act. The narrative of the FLQ and the October Crisis of 1970 has taught us non to take the first marks of terrorist act lightly, but to take them earnestly, and act in a manor that will protect Canada? s unity, and deter future Acts of the Apostless of such mindless force.

Performance Measurement and Decentralization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Performance Measurement and Decentralization. Answer: Introduction Decentralization essentially refers to the process of delegating the authority mostly related to decision making processes that are not possible by a single individual to execute. This means that in a large scale organization the complexity of the operations performed and the diversity of the projects undertaken demand effective decision making in the processes associated with them. These decisions can be categorized into certain domains like strategic decisions, decisions related to management and decisions regarding control. Now it is not possible for a single individual to take accurate decision in regards to such a vast area of operations, therefore the senior level management delegates the decision making process to his subordinates, this is known as decentralization. A particular official who is positioned at the higher level of the hierarchy of authority may not be always available to take decisions therefore the task may be delegated to the employees at the middle or lower le vel. However in order to ensure that the employees do take decisions that are in the interests of the company and not in accordance to their own personal interests, suitable and apt performance measures should be established in the organization (https://www.accaglobal.com, 2017). Literature review:Measuring performance in managerial accounting level Decentralization is carried out in all organizations irrespective of the size of the organization. But in order to measure the effectiveness of the decentralization carried out in the organization, performance measures have been introduced. Performance measures can be of two types namely financial measures and non financial measures. Financial measures are those which produce results that can be measured quantifiably like financial performance. Non financial measures are the measures that deal with the qualitative results of the firm like innovation and resource utilization of the firm. In this particular study the discussion focuses upon the techniques of measuring performance inmanagerial accounting level that is financial performance measures ("Measure your financial performance", 2017). The financial performance measures are utilized for gauging the performance of the organization. Specific measures for evaluating the performance in managerialaccounting are: Quality Cost the extent to which the cost of quality to be utilized in the organization, is measured by comparing the actual cost with the budgeted cost. Variances variances are another effective measure of performance that is calculated by comparing the standard absorbed cost with the actual expenses incurred by the organization. Cashflow cashflows are the perfect performance measurement tool in respect to managerial accounting. A particular cashflow aims to measure the cash flowing in and out of the business. Cashflows are a mandatory component of the financial statements prepared by an entity and tend to provide accurate forecasts regarding the business. Working Capital the amount of working capital that is undertaken by the company also acts as an efficient performance measurement tool. There are several other tools that aim to measure the performance at the managerialaccounting level but individually these tools do not prove to be effective therefore certain systems have been developed in order to simplify the task of performance measurement (Franco-Santos, Lucianetti, Bourne, 2012). The first performance management tool is the balanced scorecard system. The balanced scorecard system that constitute of certain methods of design and automation tools, which are essentially used the senior level management in order to keep track of the activities or decisions executed by employees and the subsequent results from such actions (Wu, 2012). Another popular performance measurement system is the Action-profit Linkage Model that aims to cover the four main components of performance that are the actions or operations undertaken by the company, delivered services or products, action by the customers and the economic impacts. Managers with the help of such a system are able to measure the performance and profitability of each and every action that is undertaken by the company (Mirela-Oana, 2012). Lastly the performance measurement system in managerial accounting is the performance prism. Performance prism essentially measures the performance of the firm based on the perspective of its stakeholders. The primary five facets of the performance prism are satisfaction obtained by the stakeholders; strategies to increase the stakeholder satisfaction; processes to be incorporated; capabilities required in order to establish the processes; contribution by the stakeholders ("The Performance Prism", 2017). Decentralization and its impact in managerial accounting activities Decentralization is adopted by each and every organization. This is because the increasing complexity of business and the involvement of the organization in a vast number of operations make the process of decentralization effective and necessary. Decentralized decision making impacts the performance of the organization in a positive way. The quality of the decisions that is taken by the employees in a decentralized unit is always higher than the quality of decision making that is taken in a centralized unit. This is because in a decentralized unit the decision is taken by an employee who is directly connected with the issue regarding which the decision has to be taken therefore the decision taken by him is often accurate and effective. In an organization that has incorporated effective decentralization the chances of occurrence of errors in the financial statements are low. This is because the lower level employees who are delegated with the responsibility of preparation of the finan cial statements are directly related with decision making processes and do their work with increased motivation and focus. Thus decentralization positively impacts the managerial accounting activities Managerial accounting activities essentially refer to the preparation of the financial statements and other activities that depict the financial performance of an organization along with the preparation of the accounting statements revealing the liquidity position of business and other indicators of the financial condition of the organization. Decentralization if implemented in an organization will ease the entire process of managerial accounting. This is because the preparation of the financial statements require recording of data or information from different stakeholders of business. Now these activities are carried out at the lower levels of management and often executed by employees at the base level of the hierarchy of authority. Decentralization enables such an employee to take effective decision in the preparation of the financial statements as he is in direct connection to the area of action. Thus effective decentralization results in an accurate managerial accounting proces s of an organization (Ecker, van Triest Williams, 2013). Advantages of decentralization on measuring performance Decentralization saves the chief executives from being burdened by the responsibility of taking routine decisions. The time that decentralization saves for these executives can be spent on more important topics such as diversification of products or developing a cheaper production process, product innovation and initiating investment in new projects. Decentralization facilitates effective supervision and control. This is because the senior level management having released from the rigorous task of decision making, have enough time to monitor and assess the activities and operations carried out by his subordinates. Decentralization enables an organization to take accurate and contextual decisions due to the fact that the individual or employee delegated with the particular authority is nearest to the place of action. This allows him to be well aware of the real situation and thus take a decision that is perfectly suitable (Alonso, Clifton Daz-Fuentes, 2015). Disadvantages of decentralization on measuring performance The process of decentralization also comes with certain demerits. For instance decentralization often hampers the process of cooperation and coordination among the various units of the organization. This is because different units react differently to a particular situation thus hampering effective coordination. Decentralization for small scale firms are not recommended as it involves greater amounts of operating costs. Decentralization may also lead to decision making by employees in regards to satisfy their own personal interests rather than the interest of the organization (Alonso, Clifton Daz-Fuentes, 2015). Discussion Decentralization though has certain demerits but with the implementation of effective performance measures can prove to be a major contributing factor in increasing the profitability of the organization. Decentralization without performance measurement system is incomplete and also ineffective. Moreover the process of delegation of authority can only be a success when the effect of such an action can be measured. For instance an individual working in a bank with decentralized process in loans approval, accounts opening, budgeting, managing cost and all operations activities if shifted to a centralized process will surely affect the entire structure of business in the bank. The process of decision making may deteriorate the quality of the decision taken along with delay in the entire process of decision making. This is because a centralized decision making process does not involve direct connection with the place of action, thus disallowing the executive to make realistic and quick decision. The cost of operation may also increase as individuals with specific skill and experience may be appointed for the purpose of decision making. The managerial accounting function may also be affected negatively due to a centralized decision making system. This is because the senior level management would not have much time to monitor their subordinates thus increasing the chances of errors and fraud in the accounting statements of the bank. A single individual delegated with the task of decision making regarding loan approval, account opening, budgeting and managing cost also aggravate the chances of error on the part of the individual as he cannot be in touch with all these sectors at the same time thus he has to take decision n the basis of assumption and experience (Beretta Prete, 2012). However a centralized decision making system may establish the lost coordination among the different units of the bank and increase the dependence of the employees over the management of the bank. Best method to do research methodology The research methods will enable us to gather the data needed to answer as response in the research questions in target group. Survey method is the best quantitative method that includes asking people to fill up responses about budgeting, costs and managerial accounting. First, we have to consider a focus group in which interview process is to be conducted. This is the best method to work out a research methodology. We mainly ask two types of questions: open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. The responses of interviewee are tabulated in the excel sheet. Target participants The target participants are the intended audience or sample of whole population of predetermined market. The target participants are commonly formed according to the similarity or variability as required. Target population in research process indicates the entire group of individuals or objects to which researchers are interested in generalizing the interpretations. Interviews or focus groups include conversation to people to find out their views and experiences. Generally, focus groups have 6 to 10 people. The target population is restricted to exclude population members and questions should be relevant to the interview process. Here, the representatives from employees, managers, educated customers and senior officials are able to make a proper target group. Analytical Process of Data Data analysis is the method of systematically applied statistical and logical techniques to describe and illustrate, summarize and interpret. Finally, after evaluating the data, researchers generally analyze for patterns in observations through the entire data collection phase. The data could be majorly of two types. These are quantitative (numeric) and qualitative (categorical such as ordinal, cardinal). We should put the data in nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale. (Yin, Yang Karimi, 2012). The first step is to impose a research question.The second step is to consider the measuring process. Reliability and validity of the measures are to be tested. The accounting and costing data have mainly two types of measures such as achievement measures and improvement measures. The third step is collect data according to the responses of questionnaire required for our study. We have to set up the survey system and survey design software according to the sample size formula and calculator. We then measured the descriptive statistics and central tendency of the subject matter. Measures of variance indicate the data around the center. Besides, correlation and regression of different variables were undertaken into consideration. We could use different software packages such as Minitab, SAS, SPSS, MS Excel and R. After analyzing the data, we tested the hypotheses to determine the probability that that a given hypothesis is true or false. From pre assigned consideration, we assume null or alternative hypotheses and decide whether accept or reject the null hypothesis at certain confidence interval. Collection of Data The collection of data depends on four degrees such as degree of structure, degree of quantifiability, degree of obtrusiveness and degrees of objectivity. We can collect primary data or secondary data. The communication between respondents and interviewer helps to generate true responses. Collection of secondary data is easy to process but sometimes may bay unsuitable. We must keep the data collection process under control. The interview method is proper for getting information. The interview could be conducted in two ways such as personal interview (face-to-face) and structured interview (non-flexibility of face-to-face). We are eager to tale personal interview because of getting the information of greater strength, flexibility of restructuring, low amount of non-response, more control and more personal information. Interviewer could gather supplementary information about respondents personal characteristics and environment that has value in interpreting outcomes. We can take it group wise too. Their thought processes in terms of responses are necessary for the welfare of bank in terms of decentralization of accounting management (Weigold, Weigold Russell, 2013). Recommendations Decentralization essentially refers to the process of handling over the responsibility of the decision making processes to the concerned group or individual who is directly related or connected with the action regarding which the particular decision has to be taken. Decentralization in managerial accounting can be very effective if implemented accurately. The best practice to implement decentralization or to develop a decentralized organization is that the particular responsibility of delegating the authority of decision making should be done by a senior level officer after proper scrutiny of the workings inside an organization. To be more precise the decentralization without proper research and analysis may prove to be a wastage of resources. Therefore it is best recommended to assign a particular team that may deal with the entire process of decentralization and result in effective execution of the operations of the entity. Secondly the structure of the decentralized system should be such that it involves performance measurement tools in order to measure the effectiveness of the implemented decentralization process. Conclusion Therefore as it can be concluded from the above study a decentralized organization is much more effective than a centralized organization. This means that decentralization does lead to accurate decision making and thus initiate proper functioning of an organization. The managers of a particular entity implementing decentralization in the organization should be vigilant of the decisions that is taken by the employees and should also implement performance measures in order to measure the effectiveness of the implemented processes. Decentralization as can be understood from the above study, also is effective in facilitating managerial accounting. Thus as a matter of fact decentralization should be adopted by more and more organizations. Summary The findings of the particular study have provided a clear understanding of the concept of decentralization in an organization especially in banks. Decentralization fundamentally refers to the process of delegation of authority to employees or units that are in direct connection with the operations undertaken by a particular organization and therefore will be able to take effective and wise decisions regarding the operations. Decentralization in banks with regard to handling operations such as cost management, account opening and approval of loans is an essential requirement for ensuring effective degree of operation by the bank. However, decentralization without the implementation of effective performance measurement tools is meaningless. As mentioned in the study multiple systems have been developed in order to measure performance in managerial accounting level. These are namely the balanced scorecard system, action profit linkage model and the performance prism. Therefore, it is c lear that decentralization and performance measurement are the two facets of the same coin. Though decentralization has certain demerits, as it is not suitable for small-scale firms and hamper the process of coordination among different units of the organization, the merits of the decision making process overcast these disadvantages. Therefore, decentralization should be adopted by each organization. References Alonso, J. M., Clifton, J., Daz-Fuentes, D. (2015). Did new public management matter? An empirical analysis of the outsourcing and decentralization effects on public sector size. Public Management Review, 17(5), 643-660. Beretta, E., Prete, S. D. (2012). Bank acquisitions and decentralization choices. Economic Notes, 41(1?2), 27-57. Ecker, B., van Triest, S., Williams, C. (2013). Management control and the decentralization of RD. Journal of Management, 39(4), 906-927. Franco-Santos, M., Lucianetti, L., Bourne, M. (2012). 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